
<p>Have you ever wondered why some people stutter? You’re not alone. Developmental stuttering—disruptions in the normal flow of speech, like repeating sounds or involuntary pausing on words— affects more than 400 million people worldwide. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40721530/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A new genetic study</a>, powered in part by data from more than one million consented 23andMe research participants, offers exciting insights into the genetics behind stuttering.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stuttering-often-starts-young-and-many-kids-recover">Stuttering Often Starts Young—And Many Kids Recover</h2>



<p>Most people who stutter begin showing signs between ages 2 and 5. For many, it’s temporary—about 80% of children who stutter will recover, often naturally and sometimes with the help of speech therapy. Interestingly, boys and girls are about equally likely to start stuttering, but by the time they reach adulthood, men are four times more likely to continue stuttering compared to women.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genetics-of-stuttering-a-new-look">The Genetics of Stuttering: A New Look</h2>



<p>Until recently, research into the genetics of stuttering has been limited to a handful of rare genetic variants identified in families. But a new large-scale study is changing that. By combining genetic data from over a million individuals, researchers identified 57 genetic variants (in or near 48 unique genes) linked to self-reported stuttering.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="616" height="378" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Visualize-GWAS.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-30872" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Visualize-GWAS.jpg 616w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Visualize-GWAS-300x184.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px" /></figure>



<p>Some of these genetic signals were ancestry- or sex-specific, meaning they were only significant associations in certain populations. Others were shared across groups, highlighting the complex nature of the genetics behind stuttering.</p>



<p>And there’s more: while most previously reported variants were too rare or not included in the dataset, this study still found strong genetic signals in three of the six candidate genes previously linked to stuttering—GNPTAB, GNPTG, and AP4E1—adding new weight to past findings.</p>



<p>Some of the genetic findings in this study also overlap with traits like depression, autism, and even beat synchronization (your ability to accurately synchronize your movements with a musical beat). These overlaps suggest that stuttering might share some genetic similarity with these other traits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-value-of-diversity-in-genetic-research">The Value of Diversity in Genetic Research</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="406" height="444" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CRC-Group.jpg" alt="An image to represent African Americans participating in 23andMe's colorectal cancer research." class="wp-image-32581" style="width:240px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CRC-Group.jpg 406w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CRC-Group-274x300.jpg 274w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px" /></figure>



<p>One important takeaway from this study is the value—and the current limits—of genetic diversity in research. Researchers were able to create a polygenic risk score (PRS) for stuttering using data from people of European descent and found that it predicted stuttering risk well in both independent clinical and self-reported datasets. However, a lack of large, diverse datasets meant that the team couldn’t validate similar scores for people from other ancestry groups.</p>



<p>That’s why increasing diversity in genetic studies is so important. It helps ensure that the insights we gain are applicable to everyone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-the-future">What This Means for the Future</h2>



<p>This study marks a major step forward in understanding the genetic contribution to stuttering. It confirms that stuttering, like many other traits, is influenced by a complex mix of genetic factors. And it highlights the importance of building inclusive, diverse research databases to ensure that discoveries can benefit as many people as possible.</p>



<p>Whether you’ve experienced stuttering yourself, know someone who has, or are just curious about the science of speech, studies like this help us better understand the fascinating interplay between genetics and communication.</p>



<p><em>Learn more about this study from our collaborators at </em><a href="https://news.vumc.org/2025/07/28/large-scale-study-defines-genetic-architecture-of-stuttering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Vanderbilt University Medical Center</em></a><em> and learn more about </em><a href="https://www.23andme.com/research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>research at 23andMe</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p></p>


23andMe Blog

23andMe Blog Team

Why Do People Stutter? Genetics Holds Some Clues


<p>A <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40691366/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new study</a> published this week demonstrates just how powerful large-scale genetic research can be when it comes to predicting health traits—like body weight. By combining data from consented 23andMe research participants with the GIANT consortium, an international group of scientists have created the most predictive polygenic score for body mass index (BMI) to date. The study used genetic data from up to 5.1 million individuals from diverse backgrounds, helping push the science forward in important and inclusive ways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-a-polygenic-score">What’s a Polygenic Score?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Data-Viz-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-25916" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Data-Viz-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Data-Viz-300x169.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Data-Viz-768x432.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Data-Viz-880x495.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Data-Viz-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Data-Viz.jpg 1366w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>Think of a polygenic score (sometimes called a polygenic risk score or PRS) as a genetic summary. It adds up the small effects of many different genetic variants—often thousands or even millions—that are each linked to a trait, like BMI. The higher your score, the higher your predicted BMI. These scores are increasingly used in research, and even clinical settings, to better understand traits and potential health risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-study-matters">Why This Study Matters</h2>



<p>One of the big takeaways from this research? <strong>The more data we include in building a polygenic score, the more accurate the predictions become.</strong> Thanks to the massive dataset, this new BMI polygenic score is one of the most accurate developed so far—and it&#8217;s also more applicable to people of diverse ancestries than previous versions.</p>



<p>Still, it’s important to note that while this polygenic score performs better across different populations, its accuracy is still highest in individuals of European descent. That’s because most genetic research to date has been heavily based on European-ancestry populations. Studies like this one help move the field toward more inclusive and equitable research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-study-found">What the Study Found</h2>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Childhood weight gain</strong>: A higher BMI polygenic score was linked to faster weight gain starting from age 2.5 onwards and an earlier “adiposity rebound”—a key moment in childhood growth when BMI dips and then begins to increase again. This could help identify children at higher risk of becoming overweight before other warning signs appear.<br></li>



<li><strong>Adult weight change</strong>: Between ages 20 and 50, people with higher BMI polygenic scores were more likely to gain weight. Interestingly, this was especially true for those who started adulthood at a weight lower than what their genetics might predict. It suggests that individuals with a genetic predisposition to higher weight may eventually &#8220;catch up&#8221; to their genetic set point over time.<br></li>



<li><strong>Lifestyle changes</strong>: In lifestyle intervention studies (think: intensive diet and exercise programs), people with a higher genetic predisposition to obesity tended to lose more weight during the first year—but they were also more likely to regain it. This pattern fits with previous research showing that people who are genetically predisposed to obesity often respond more dramatically to environmental changes, both positive and negative.<br></li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-study-doesn-t-say">What This Study Doesn’t Say</h2>



<p>This research doesn’t mean that lifestyle doesn’t matter. In fact, it’s just the opposite. Even with a high genetic predisposition to obesity, lifestyle choices—like diet, physical activity, sleep, and stress management—still have a meaningful impact. What polygenic scores offer is insight into who may be at higher risk and might benefit most from early interventions or targeted prevention strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-thoughts">Final Thoughts</h2>



<p>Your genes are only one part of the story. While this research gives us a clearer picture of how genetics influence weight over time, it also highlights the importance of using that information wisely. At 23andMe, we believe that understanding your genetics can empower you to make informed health decisions—not define your destiny. As science continues to evolve, so do the tools we have to support healthier, more personalized approaches to wellness.</p>



<p></p>


What Your DNA Can (and Can’t) Tell You About Weight: New Study Highlights the Power of Polygenic Scores


<p><em>by Destiny Gordon</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>We often blame everything on not getting enough sleep—feeling foggy, moody, exhausted, or just off. And while sleep quantity matters, what many of us don’t realize is that it’s not only about <em>how much</em> sleep we get—but <em>when</em> we get it. At the core of it all is your body’s internal clock, known as your circadian rhythm. This quiet, biological timekeeper is constantly at work, regulating everything from <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165421/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hormone release and metabolism</a> to <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-your-sleep-and-wake-cycles-affect-your-mood-2020051319792" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood and energy</a>. And when it falls out of sync—whether due to shift work, late nights, excessive screen time, or simply inconsistent routines—your health can start to feel out of balance in ways that go far beyond basic tiredness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-circadian-rhythm">What is circadian rhythm?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-25757" style="width:448px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-300x200.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-768x513.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-880x587.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980.jpg 1254w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>Circadian rhythm is the natural cycle your body goes through in a 24-hour period. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36028773/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Genetics</a> plays a key role in determining circadian rhythm. In fact, the researchers who first uncovered the genetic basis of circadian rhythm won the <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/nobel-worthy-sleep-science" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017</a>. Your circadian rhythm <a href="https://nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influences</a> when your brain is sharp, when your body digests food efficiently, and when it needs deep rest. And for women, the interaction between daily circadian rhythms and monthly hormone fluctuations creates <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35101914/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a unique layer of complexity</a>. At different points in the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17383933/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">menstrual cycle</a>, shifts in estrogen and progesterone can make your body more sensitive to sleep disruption, stress, and energy dips. So if your daily rhythm is already out of sync, those hormonal shifts can hit harder—amplifying symptoms like fatigue, mood swings, poor focus, or disrupted sleep. It’s a compounding effect that makes it even more important to stay in rhythm.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-you-re-misaligned-to-your-circadian-rhythm">What happens when you&#8217;re misaligned to your circadian rhythm?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="691" height="1024" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/circadian-rhythm-disruption-691x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34017" style="width:219px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/circadian-rhythm-disruption-691x1024.png 691w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/circadian-rhythm-disruption-203x300.png 203w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/circadian-rhythm-disruption-594x880.png 594w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/circadian-rhythm-disruption.png 748w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px" /></figure>



<p>Research has shown that <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/circadian-rhythm-disorders/causes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disruptions to this internal rhythm</a>—like being awake when your body naturally wants to be asleep, sleeping at inconsistent times due to shift work, or missing natural light cues—can throw off the timing of critical biological processes. This circadian misalignment can increase the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38564856/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of real, long-term health issues for</a> both men and women. These shifts are linked to <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4868418/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood disorders</a> like anxiety and depression, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21270661/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight gain</a>, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6167165/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insulin resistance</a>, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44325-024-00024-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular issues</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1389945706006216" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">irregular menstrual cycle</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1556407X07001191" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">and even fertility challenges</a>. And because these symptoms often start subtly, it’s easy to miss the connection until the effects become harder to ignore.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do-to-keep-our-lives-aligned-to-our-circadian-rhythm">What can we do to keep our lives aligned to our circadian rhythm?</h2>



<p>The tricky part? Circadian disruption often hides in plain sight. It doesn’t always feel like a big, dramatic problem. It can look like staying up a little too late, skipping meals, waking up at inconsistent times, or scrolling in bed just a bit too long. These small habits may not seem like much, but if they happen repeatedly over time, they chip away at your body’s natural rhythm.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The good news? Once you start to tune in, you can make <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/circadian-rhythm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small, manageable changes</a> to help bring your body back into sync. Things like going to bed and waking up at the same time every day (yes, even on weekends), getting exposure to natural light in the morning, limiting caffeine later in the day, and avoiding screens at least an hour before bed can all support a healthier rhythm. It’s not about being perfect—it’s about creating enough consistency that your body knows when to rise, when to rest, and everything in between.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Because when your body runs in rhythm, everything works better. Your mind feels clearer. Your energy lasts longer. Your health feels like it’s working <em>with</em> you, not against you. So maybe it’s not just about getting more sleep. Maybe it’s time to get back in sync.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><em><strong>About Destiny:</strong>&nbsp; Destiny Gordon is a rising second-year medical student at Morehouse School of Medicine, originally from Jacksonville, Florida. She is the founder of InnerLight ATL, a youth mental health initiative focused on building safe, supportive spaces for emotional wellness. With over three years of experience in cancer research and a passion for community-centered care, Destiny is dedicated to blending science, advocacy, and storytelling to inform and inspire.</em></p>


Destiny Gordon

Your Body Clock Is Talking—Are You Listening?




<p>Personalized medicine is increasingly becoming recognized as a necessary evolution of the standard of care. One key aspect of this shift is a dual understanding: that medical care based on race, ethnicity, or outward appearance is inaccurate and can lead to harm, and at the same time knowledge of genetic, cultural, and environmental factors together provide a more nuanced and complete picture of a person&#8217;s health risks and potential intervention strategies.</p>



<p>In this article, we explore a few health conditions—uterine fibroids, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), gestational diabetes, and atrial fibrillation—that have meaningful connections with ancestry, environment, or cultural factors. We also examine diseases such as G6PD deficiency and Tay-Sachs disease—conditions that are primarily genetic and therefore closely linked to genetic ancestry. By understanding different ways in which their unique background might influence their health, individuals and their healthcare providers can make more informed health decisions for themselves and their families.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uterine-fibroids-an-african-connection">Uterine Fibroids: An African Connection</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="494" height="203" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Uterine_Fibroids_PRS_Hero-edited.png" alt="" class="wp-image-33976" style="width:380px" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Uterine_Fibroids_PRS_Hero-edited.png 494w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Uterine_Fibroids_PRS_Hero-edited-300x123.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px" /></figure>



<p>Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in the wall of the uterus. These growths can vary in size, ranging from small, undetectable nodules to large masses that distort the uterus. Symptoms of fibroids include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, bloating, and complications with fertility and pregnancy. Risk factors include race and ethnicity, age, family history, hormonal factors, obesity, diet, environmental toxins, and stress.</p>



<p>While many women may experience fibroids at some point in their lives, this condition affects women with African ancestry more commonly and severely. African American women have a<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874080/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> three-times higher risk</a> of developing fibroids than women from other groups. Black women are also more likely to be diagnosed at younger ages, experience more severe symptoms such as infertility and pregnancy loss, and face worse outcomes, including higher rates of hospitalization. Although there are likely many contributing factors, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5330388/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vitamin D deficiency may play a role</a>: this nutrient helps regulate how cells grow and divide, but people with darker skin produce less vitamin D from sunlight.</p>



<p>Maintaining a healthy weight, limiting processed foods and red meat, and managing stress are beneficial in reducing risk for uterine fibroids, but there are also specific proactive steps women can take. These include<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11730732/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> reducing exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals</a> like those found in personal care products and hair relaxers, and ensuring adequate levels of vitamin D in their diet. As with any health condition, regular medical check-ups are important for early detection and management of fibroids and for maintaining overall reproductive health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liver-disease-an-indigenous-american-connection">Liver Disease: An Indigenous American Connection</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="480" height="177" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/FattyLiver_PRS_Hero.png" alt="" class="wp-image-33971" style="width:380px" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/FattyLiver_PRS_Hero.png 480w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/FattyLiver_PRS_Hero-300x111.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" /></figure>



<p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, also known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, marked by excess fat in the liver unrelated to alcohol use. While often silent, it can progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. MASLD is strongly linked to metabolic syndrome—a group of conditions including a large waist circumference, high blood sugar levels, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol levels.</p>



<p>Indigenous peoples of the Americas are disproportionately affected by MASLD and MASH. This elevated risk is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. A genetic variant in the PNPLA3 gene, known as I148M, has been linked to a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6465959/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">higher risk of developing MASLD</a>, and is particularly common in Indigenous populations and regions with high proportions of Indigenous American ancestry. Indigenous communities also report higher rates of metabolic syndrome compared to other groups.</p>



<p><a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7918141/#sec3-ijerph-18-01821" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Historically</a>, many Indigenous societies had diets and lifestyles that may have protected against metabolic diseases. These societies typically consumed diets high in fiber, with a wide variety of seasonal plant-based foods, and maintained regular physical activity through subsistence living. However, the rapid shift away from these traditional patterns, especially in North America—driven by violent colonization, forced displacement, and systemic marginalization—has created a potential mismatch between genetic predispositions and modern environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Addressing the risk of MASLD today may benefit from restoring access to healthy foods, revitalizing traditional food systems, and encouraging physical activity in ways that respect Indigenous culture. Additionally, ensuring culturally respectful, community-led healthcare is essential for addressing MASLD risk and improving long-term outcomes for Indigenous populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Gestational Diabetes: An Asian Connection</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="480" height="220" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Gestational_Diabetes_PRS_Hero.png" alt="" class="wp-image-33972" style="width:380px" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Gestational_Diabetes_PRS_Hero.png 480w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Gestational_Diabetes_PRS_Hero-300x138.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" /></figure>



<p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy when the body cannot produce or effectively use enough insulin. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels, which increases the chances of preeclampsia (dangerously high blood pressure), preterm birth, and complications during labor. People who experience GDM are also at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, while their children are more likely to develop obesity and metabolic disorders.</p>



<p>Though GDM affects pregnancies globally, <a href="https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacasi.2024.07.010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rates of GDM are highest</a> in individuals of East and South Asian descent, despite generally lower BMI. This heightened risk may be linked to both <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9683781/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes</a> as well as greater insulin resistance and a tendency to store fat in the abdomen (also known as visceral fat, associated with cardiometabolic disease) even at lower BMIs. Dietary patterns may compound these risks, and limited access to healthcare and low awareness of GDM may further contribute to poorer outcomes in some communities.</p>



<p>Prioritizing a diet high in whole grains and vegetables, avoiding refined carbohydrates and sugar, and incorporating regular physical activity—even modest forms like daily walking or yoga—can significantly improve the body&#8217;s ability to control blood sugar. Awareness and early screening are also important, especially given the higher rates of GDM even among those with lower BMIs.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Atrial Fibrillation:&nbsp; A European Connection</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="480" height="208" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/AFib_PRS_Hero.png" alt="" class="wp-image-33973" style="width:380px" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/AFib_PRS_Hero.png 480w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/AFib_PRS_Hero-300x130.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" /></figure>



<p>Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is the most common heart rhythm disorder, marked by an irregular and often rapid heartbeat that can reduce blood flow and increase the risk of stroke, heart failure, and other complications. Symptoms may include palpitations, fatigue, shortness of breath, or dizziness, though some people remain asymptomatic. <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atrial-fibrillation/causes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AFib risk rises</a> with age, and conditions such as high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and excessive alcohol use are major contributors.</p>



<p>In multiple studies, AFib shows the <a href="https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.110" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">highest prevalence</a> in White populations, <a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14403-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scandinavian countries</a>, and countries with high proportions of European ancestry. The higher prevalence does not appear to be explained by differences in lifestyle risk factors or by differences in diagnosis rates. Although the <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circep.114.001909" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic variants</a> identified to date are not especially frequent in European populations compared to other groups, one intriguing study has shown an association between AFib risk and <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.110.958306" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">degree of European genetic ancestry</a>. Additionally, individuals with Northern European ancestry tend to be <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3480734/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">taller on average</a>, and <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12717" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased height and body size</a> are associated with a greater risk of AFib, perhaps due to greater load on the heart. </p>



<p>To help mitigate the risk of atrial fibrillation, there are several <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/atrial-fibrillation/treatment-and-prevention-of-atrial-fibrillation/prevention-strategies-for-atrial-fibrillation-afib-or-af" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strategies</a> people can adopt. Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in moderate physical activity, managing other health conditions, limiting alcohol intake, and avoiding smoking are all important. Since rates of AFib remain high even in Scandinavian countries known for healthy lifestyles, individuals with known genetic risk factors or a family history of AFib should consider regular heart rhythm monitoring and consult with a healthcare provider for personalized screening.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Genetic Ancestry and Health</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="966" height="966" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe.png" alt="" class="wp-image-33974" style="width:200px" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe.png 966w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe-300x300.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe-150x150.png 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe-768x768.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe-880x880.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe-271x271.png 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe-372x372.png 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/haplogroup-globe-574x574.png 574w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 966px) 100vw, 966px" /></figure>



<p>Some health conditions are primarily genetic, meaning they are caused by inherited changes in specific genes rather than lifestyle or environmental factors. Because these variations are passed down through families, the risk of developing or carrying certain genetic disorders can vary significantly depending on one’s ancestry. These inherited conditions often reflect patterns shaped over thousands of years by human migration, geographic isolation, and natural selection—making genetic ancestry a powerful lens through which to understand personal health risks.</p>



<p>Take <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470315/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency</a>, for example. This inherited condition affects how red blood cells function, potentially leading to fatigue, jaundice, or anemia—especially when triggered by certain foods, medications, or infections. G6PD deficiency is particularly common in people of African, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian descent, with <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3496665/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prevalence rates</a> as high as 25% in some regions. Just like sickle cell trait, the high frequency of G6PD deficiency is thought to stem from a <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6171532/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic advantage</a>: people who carry a G6PD variant are more resistant to certain forms of malaria, an infectious disease that historically plagued these areas. Similarly, <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/tay-sachs-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tay-Sachs disease</a> is a rare but serious neurodegenerative disorder that is more prevalent in Ashkenazi Jewish, French Canadian, and Cajun populations. This is largely due to what geneticists call a <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1216062/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">founder effect</a>, where a small ancestral group passes on a limited set of genes—some of which may carry disease-causing variants.</p>



<p>In communities where certain genetic risks are more common, genetic screening and counseling have already made a major <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11216898/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact</a>. However, understanding your genetic ancestry—rather than making assumptions based on appearance, social identity, or cultural heritage—is what really matters for identifying these inherited health risks. As our knowledge and the cost of mapping genetic ancestry and health predispositions continues to improve, so does our potential to address inherited health risks in more personalized and proactive ways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Personalizing Health</h2>



<p>Our DNA plays a key role in health, offering insights into inherited traits and potential risks. Together with cultural background and lived experiences, these factors all shape our health in ways unique to each of us. Understanding both your genetic ancestry and cultural context can support proactive care through early screenings, personalized lifestyle choices, and more informed conversations with healthcare providers. As populations grow more diverse, moving beyond outdated assumptions based on race and focusing on the full picture—biology, ancestry, and culture—can help improve care and reduce health disparities.</p>



<p><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/working-on-23andmes-african-american-genetic-groups-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Learn more about Jalen Robinson, a student at Morehouse School of Medicine and former Research Diversity intern at 23andMe, who helped develop our African American Genetic Groups</em></a></p>



<p></p>


Jalen Robinson

Connecting Health and Ancestry: A Look at Genetics and Cultural Factors


<p><strong><em>This is part of an ongoing series of posts we plan to publish in order to help raise further awareness of lung cancer. We hope to highlight the work of the 20+ lung cancer patient advocacy organizations collaborating with us on our recently launched </em></strong><a href="https://www.23andme.com/lung-cancer/"><strong><em>Lung Cancer Genetics Study</em></strong></a><strong><em>.&nbsp;</em></strong></p>



<p>It&#8217;s not as if lung cancer is an obscure disease, and yet facts about lung cancer are not well known.</p>



<p>23andMe wants to spotlight the disease while also highlighting our efforts with our Lung Cancer Genetics Study and the work of more than 20 organizations collaborating with us on this important new research, which aims to identify genetic risk factors that contribute to lung cancer. Ultimately the goal of the study is to improve prevention, detection and treatment for lung cancer.</p>



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<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong><em>Read our previous post:</em></strong> <a href="http://A Legacy of Hope in the Fight Against Lung Cancer"><em>A Legacy of Hope in the Fight Against Lung Cancer</em></a></li>
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<p>Lung cancer is the<a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21834#:~:text=Lung%20cancer%20was%20the%20most,(both%20cases%20and%20deaths)."> leading cause of cancer death worldwide</a>. In the US, it accounts for one in five cancer deaths and kills nearly as many people each year<a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2025/2025-cancer-facts-and-figures-acs.pdf"> as colon, breast, and prostate cancer combined</a>. These staggering statistics underscore the urgent need for greater awareness and more research.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dispelling-common-myths-about-lung-cancer">Dispelling Common Myths About Lung Cancer</h2>



<p>Our first post in this series looked at the origins of our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/lung-cancer/">Lung Cancer Genetics Study</a> and how the collaboration started. This one focuses on myths and facts about lung cancer, and we are again leaning on the expertise of some of our collaborators. This time, we talked to leaders from the LUNGevity Foundation and Upstage Lung Cancer. They shared some common misconceptions about lung cancer and some facts they wished more people knew.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myth-only-people-who-smoke-get-lung-cancer"><strong>Myth: Only People Who Smoke Get Lung Cancer</strong></h3>



<p><strong>No, it&#8217;s not just people with a history of tobacco exposure who get lung cancer.</strong></p>



<p>Among lung cancer survivors and advocates, this pervasive myth about lung cancer being only a disease for people who have smoked is particularly vexing, and it’s not true.</p>



<p>Indeed, cigarette smoking is strongly linked to lung cancer, but as advocates like to say, <em>&#8220;anyone with lungs can get lung cancer, but no one deserves it.&#8221;</em></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fact-many-risk-factors-play-a-role-in-lung-cancer"><strong>Fact: Many Risk Factors Play a Role in Lung Cancer</strong></h3>



<p>&#8220;All the warnings about the dangers of tobacco exposure, which are totally legitimate, got people to make this very powerful association — tobacco exposure leads to cancer, but it&#8217;s <strong>not the only cause</strong>. Making this connection, we often ignore other causes,&#8221; said Upal Basu Roy, PhD, MPH, Executive Director of Research for the non-profit LUNGevity Foundation<strong>. </strong>&#8220;It&#8217;s hard to see beyond tobacco exposure.&#8221;</p>



<p>“Active tobacco exposure is indeed an important risk factor that’s been well-studied. However, <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/latest-news/why-lung-cancer-strikes-nonsmokers.html">other risk factors</a>, such as radon exposure, passive (or secondhand) tobacco exposure, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetics, all can play a role in lung cancer development. Often, it is a complex mix of many of those factors that contribute to why some people develop lung cancer”, said Upal.</p>



<p>In 2019, <a href="https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2025/2025-cancer-facts-and-figures-acs.pdf">nearly 15% of lung cancers</a> were not related to direct tobacco exposure. To put that into perspective, lung cancer in people who never smoked cigarettes, or LCINS, would be ranked in the<a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21820"> top ten causes of cancer deaths</a> if ranked separately from tobacco exposure–related lung cancer. LCINS is on the rise, and more research is needed to have an accurate estimate of the true numbers of LCINS today.</p>



<p>&#8220;<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2409903/">80 to 90% of people</a> with tobacco exposure <em>never</em> get lung cancer, while many people <em>without</em> tobacco exposure get the disease,&#8221; said Upal. &#8220;It&#8217;s incredibly complex. We haven&#8217;t unpacked how much a role all these contributing factors play, and that&#8217;s why this genetic study is so interesting. It offers a chance to learn more about the nature of the disease and how these factors might interact.&#8221;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lung-cancer-screening-and-early-detection">Lung Cancer Screening and Early Detection</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myth-there-s-no-way-to-detect-lung-cancer-early"><strong>Myth: There’s No Way to Detect Lung Cancer Early</strong></h3>



<div style="float: right; text-align: justified; width: 300px; background-color: #F2F5F7; padding: 15px; margin-left: 10px; border-radius: 16px;">
    <p><strong>Current US screening recommendations include:</strong></p>
    <ul style="padding-left: 20px; margin-top: 5px;">
        <li><em>Ages 50–80</li>
        <li>20-pack-year cigarette smoking history</li>
        <li>Currently smoking or having quit within the last 15 years</em></li>
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<p><strong>Lung cancer screening exists — but not everyone at risk is eligible. </strong>There is a strong association between tobacco use and lung cancer, and current guidelines consider this history for screening eligibility. <a href="https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening">Current US guidelines</a> recommend screening for people ages 50 to 80 who have a 20-pack-year cigarette smoking history and currently smoke tobacco or have quit within the last 15 years.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the vast majority of people who are eligible for lung cancer screening don’t receive it. According to the American Lung Association, <a href="https://www.lung.org/research/state-of-lung-cancer/key-findings">only 16% of eligible people were screened</a> for lung cancer in 2024. Much work remains to ensure everyone eligible for screening knows about and has access to this life-saving healthcare measure. And additional progress is needed to expand lung cancer screening to include others at high risk, like those who have never smoked.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fact-not-everyone-at-risk-of-lung-cancer-is-currently-eligible-for-screening-nbsp"><strong>Fact: Not Everyone at Risk of Lung Cancer is Currently Eligible for Screening&nbsp;</strong></h3>



<p>While lung cancer in people with a smoking history is more common in men, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11014425/">two-thirds of people diagnosed with LCINS are women</a>. <a href="https://upstagelungcancer.org/hildys-story/">Hildy Grossman</a>, who describes herself as a clinical psychologist by day and a jazz singer by night, is one of those women diagnosed with lung cancer who’d smoked cigarettes as a teenager but quit at age twenty.</p>



<p>Hildy was diagnosed in December of 2006 by chance. She’d slipped on the threshold of a narrow stairway, resulting in pain in her wrist. After a series of missed diagnoses, Hildy eventually had an MRI to determine if a pinched nerve in her back was causing the pain. Instead, the MRI showed two spots on her lungs. A biopsy revealed it was lung cancer. Her doctor told her how lucky she&#8217;d been that they caught it early, saying, “Somebody up there likes you!” Since her tumor was diagnosed so early (stage 1A), her treatment only required surgery, which she had in January 2007.</p>



<p>&#8220;As I came to terms with (the diagnosis), I asked myself, ‘Why me?’ Not ‘why did I get lung cancer,’ but ‘why was I able to find it so early and survive,’” Hildy said. The question prompted her to start<a href="https://upstagelungcancer.org/"> Upstage Lung Cancer</a>, an organization using music and the performing arts to raise awareness and support lung cancer research. Hildy is both the founder and president of the board.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-expanded-screening-criteria"><strong>The Need for Expanded Screening Criteria</strong></h3>



<p>While current lung cancer screening guidelines have <a href="https://www.lung.org/research/state-of-lung-cancer/key-findings">saved many lives</a> by detecting cancer early, they also miss many others who may be at risk but who never smoked, or like Hildy, who quit cigarette smoking many years earlier. The problem is that there aren&#8217;t yet criteria outside of tobacco use for identifying those who are at the highest risk and could benefit most from screening. Without early detection, many lung cancers are not diagnosed before symptoms appear, such as a persistent cough or coughing up blood. And by the time symptoms occur, it’s likely the cancer has spread and will be harder to treat. In contrast, people diagnosed with cancer in its earlier stages tend to live longer or can even be cured. Lingering misconceptions about who is at risk leave many people vulnerable.</p>



<p>&#8220;That&#8217;s why early detection research (part of the Lung Cancer Genetics Study) is so important,&#8221; Hildy said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-one-disease">Beyond One Disease</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myth-all-lung-cancer-is-the-same">Myth: All Lung Cancer is the Same</h3>



<p>There are<a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/what-is.html"> two main types of lung cancer</a> — non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Eighty to 85%of lung cancer cases are non-small cell, and 10 to 15% are small cell. Then, there are numerous subtypes within those types of lung cancer, said Upal.</p>



<p>&#8220;And the biology is different, which has implications for how the lung cancer is treated,&#8221; said Upal.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fact-biomarker-testing-can-identify-lung-cancer-subtypes-and-guide-treatment">Fact: Biomarker Testing Can Identify Lung Cancer Subtypes and Guide Treatment</h3>



<p>Some lung cancer subtypes are defined by specific changes in the cancer cells, known as oncogenic driver mutations. These mutations speed up cancer growth. Some of these subtypes can be identified through <a href="https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/symptoms-diagnosis/biomarker-testing">biomarker testing</a>, which looks for genetic changes in specific genes like EGFR, ALK, RET, or HER2. Discovering whether a tumor has one of these mutations — a biomarker — can help doctors choose the best treatment options, including targeted therapies for specific mutations.</p>



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                    Biomarker tests for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
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            <td>ALK<br>BRAF</td>
            <td>EGFR<br>ERBB2 / HER2</td>
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            <td>PD-L1<br>RET</td>
            <td>ROS1</td>
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<p>*A <a href="https://www.lungcancerresearchfoundation.org/accelerated-approval-for-drug-targeting-nrg1/">targeted therapy for NRG1 mutations</a> was also recently approved by the FDA.</p>



<p>However, only some people who might benefit from biomarker testing receive it. For example, one study examined rates of biomarker testing in more than 17,000 people who were diagnosed with advanced non-small cell lung cancer between 2015 and 2021. This study found that while testing rates increased over time, nearly <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9168140/">one-third of people did not receive comprehensive biomarker testing</a> by 2020. <a href="https://www.onclive.com/view/global-survey-examines-barriers-to-optimal-lung-cancer-biomarker-testing">Barriers to biomarker testing are complex</a> and include issues like cost, time, tumor sample quality, and lack of awareness of the value of testing. These challenges emphasize the importance of insurance coverage for biomarker testing and approved targeted therapies, increased education of healthcare providers, and <a href="https://www.lungcancerresearchfoundation.org/for-patients/comprehensive-biomarker-testing-for-lung-cancer/">self-advocacy</a> by patients and caregivers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuing-the-conversation-on-lung-cancer-awareness">Continuing the Conversation on Lung Cancer Awareness</h2>



<p>Misconceptions like the ones addressed here represent just some of the many challenges faced by people diagnosed with lung cancer. As part of our lung cancer blog series, we will continue to amplify the voices of patient advocates and raise awareness of these and other little-known facts about the disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Visit our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/lung-cancer/">Lung Cancer Genetics Study page </a>to learn more about the 23andMe study, our collaborators, and eligibility criteria.</p>


Illustration of lungs on a background with a larger illustration of lungs

Lung Cancer Awareness: Myths, Facts & the Need for More Research


<h6 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-this-post-has-been-updated-it-was-originally-published-on-august-8-2024"><em>This post has been updated. It was originally published on August 8, 2024.</em></h6>



<p>On August 8th, 2024, 23andMe launched a new large-scale study looking at the genetics behind why GLP-1 weight loss drugs work for some of us but not others and whether genetics play a role for those who experience side effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-data">Big Data</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-medium"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Data-Screen-300x234.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-30871" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Data-Screen-300x234.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Data-Screen.jpg 531w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure>



<p>Because of the massive scale of the 23andMe research database, our scientists believe we can quickly scale this study and leverage the millions of people who have consented to participate in 23andMe research to gain insights into these widely used medications. Our goal is to recruit 10,000 research participants for this study.</p>



<p>“Leveraging the world’s largest genetic and phenotypic database for research, we aim to study real-world evidence of GLP-1 efficacy to discover genetic predictors of response to treatment,” said Michael Holmes, MD &amp; Ph.D., 23andMe Principal Scientist for Research Innovation, who’ll be overseeing this research. “Identifying genetic predictors through leveraging discoveries from the 23andMe Research Cohort consisting of millions of individuals facilitates precision medicine by deriving a genetically predicted treatment response personalized to each individual”, he added. “We expect this to accelerate precision medicine in the burgeoning field of weight loss medicines.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glp-1-availability">GLP-1 Availability</h2>



<p>In conjunction with this study, 23andMe’s telehealth platform, Lemonaid Health, provides a weight loss membership program. This program includes prescription GLP-1 medication and clinical consultations. <a href="https://www.lemonaidhealth.com/services/weight-loss">Learn more about the Lemonaid weight loss membership here.</a></p>



<p>The weight loss management service fits within 23andMe’s broader strategy of delivering services to improve people’s health through prevention. The hope is that the GLP-1 research study will deepen our understanding of the efficacy of GLP-1s for weight loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-weight">Genetic Weight</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-medium"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="297" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Genetic-Weight-report-300x297.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-25105" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Genetic-Weight-report-300x297.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Genetic-Weight-report-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Genetic-Weight-report-768x760.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Genetic-Weight-report-1024x1013.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Genetic-Weight-report-880x871.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Genetic-Weight-report.jpg 1154w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure>



<p>For several years, scientists at 23andMe have<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/weight-loss-study"> studied weight loss</a> and related issues, such as how a person’s genetics affect their response to<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-explores-dietary-habit-and-health-outcomes"> diet</a> and<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/step-it-up-for-research"> exercise</a>. In 2017, the company began offering customers a<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-releases-first-of-its-kind-genetic-weight-report"> Genetic Weight Report</a> powered by 23andMe research that looks at hundreds of genetic variants to provide a genetic predisposition to weighting more or less than average. This report complements the Saturated Fat &amp; Weight Report, which offers personalized insights about the effects of saturated fat intake on weight and provides motivation to <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/tipping-scales-participants-make-healthy-dietary-changes-response-direct-consumer-genetic-test-results">make healthy dietary changes</a>. In addition to these reports, 23andMe+ Premium members can see their Genetic Weight Type and see what healthy actions may be more impactful on their weight.</p>



<p>Many people struggle with maintaining a healthy weight. More than two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese, leading to many downstream adverse health outcomes, according to<a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity"> data from the National Institutes of Health</a>. Many of these people have tried and struggled to lose weight either through diet or exercise, which partly explains the recent surge in popularity of GLP-1s. One in eight adults in the US report using a GLP-1 drug for weight loss, diabetes, or heart disease, according to<a href="https://www.kff.org/health-costs/press-release/poll-1-in-8-adults-say-theyve-taken-a-glp-1-drug-including-4-in-10-of-those-with-diabetes-and-1-in-4-of-those-with-heart-disease/"> a poll from the Kaiser Family Foundation</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-growing-use-of-glp-1s">The Growing Use of GLP-1s</h2>



<p>GLP-1s, or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, are a class of medications that mimic the GLP-1 hormone released during digestion. Their role is to prompt the body to produce insulin, which, in turn, reduces blood sugar. The hormone also interacts with the brain and reduces appetite. Along with aiding in weight loss, the drugs have proven effective for treating chronic conditions like <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-oral-glp-1-treatment-type-2-diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> and<a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-reduce-risk-serious-heart-problems-specifically-adults-obesity-or"> heart disease</a>. There is even early evidence that GLP-1s may help with<a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2312323"> Parkinson’s disease</a>,<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36870080/"> arthritis</a>,<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2817996"> Alzheimer’s</a>, and<a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2404881"> sleep apnea</a>.</p>



<p>While the drugs can be<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02996-7"> highly effective for some people</a>, they are not effective for everyone. GLP-1s also carry a risk for side effects that include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they can lead to more severe side effects such as pancreatitis, kidney problems, bowel obstruction, or allergic reactions. 23andMe’s scientists want to understand why and explore potential genetic associations related to the drug&#8217;s efficacy and some of these side effects. The research will follow participants over time to know how these medications work.</p>



<p>The GLP-1 Medications Survey is available to 23andMe customers who have consented to participate in Research. If you are interested in participating, please <a href="https://you.23andme.com/research/surveys/glp1_medications">complete the survey here.</a></p>


23andMe Launches Genetic Study of GLP-1s


<h6 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-insights-from-a-landmark-study-using-genomic-dataset-with-unprecedented-diversity"><em>Novel insights from a landmark study using genomic dataset with unprecedented diversity</em></h6>



<p>Did you know that your genetic makeup could hold important clues about your risk for depression? A <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39814019/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groundbreaking new study</a>, led by the University of Edinburgh and King’s College London, has analyzed the genomes of over <strong>five million people across 29 countries</strong>, including a pool of 23andMe research participants who consented to participate in studies like this. </p>



<p>Using this collaborative approach, the study uncovered nearly 300 previously unknown genetic links to depression. Crucially, it included participants from African, East Asian, Hispanic, and South Asian backgrounds, marking a significant departure from previous studies that overwhelmingly focused on individuals of European descent.</p>



<p>This diversity wasn’t just a milestone for representation; it was key to the study’s success. Among the newly discovered genetic variants, 100 were identified solely because of the inclusion of these underrepresented populations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In total, researchers found nearly 700 genetic variations linked to depression, implicating 308 specific genes. Many of these genes are associated with neurons in brain regions that regulate emotion, offering fresh insights into depression’s biological underpinnings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Depression: A Closer Look at Genetics</h2>



<p>As winter drags on, the dark days and cold temperatures are a drain on everyone&#8217;s mood. For people predisposed to depression, though, it can mean more than that. While two people might go through the same long, dark winter, one person might feel pretty much normal, while the other might experience it as a trigger for the changes to mood, cognition, energy, sleep, appetite and more that define depression.&nbsp;</p>



<p>What makes some people prone to depression, and not others? <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/depression/">Depression impacts 1 in 5 people in the U.S. in their lifetimes</a>, making it one of the most common mental illnesses. But scientists are still learning more about what contributes to an individual&#8217;s risk for depression.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It&#8217;s already known that the risk is increased by going through stressful life experiences like childhood adversity, discrimination, or serious health problems. And we’ve long known from family studies that depression can run in families, hinting at a genetic component.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pinpointing the exact genetic factors at play has been challenging. Researchers use genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to uncover genetic variants — small differences in DNA — that might influence the likelihood of experiencing depression. However, these studies require enormous datasets to find statistically significant patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Diversity Drives Breakthroughs in Depression Research</h2>



<p>The results of this new study from the University of Edinburgh and Kings College London stand out for the diversity of the data set and have implications for reducing ethnic disparity in future advances in genomic medicine. The more we know about the genetics of depression in people of a given ancestry, the better our ability to predict which individuals are most likely to experience depression in that group.</p>



<p>The study’s findings also open up exciting avenues for treatment. Researchers identified genes targeted by existing antidepressant medications and flagged new ones that could lead to novel therapies. Intriguingly, the results highlighted two drugs — pregabalin, used for chronic pain, and modafinil, used for narcolepsy — as potential candidates for repurposing to treat depression. While more research is needed, these findings could pave the way for more effective treatments in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">23andMe’s role in advancing genomic research</h2>



<p>23andMe&#8217;s diverse group of research participants has enabled us to conduct or contribute to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/publications/">more than 250</a> studies on a wide range of conditions, including collaborations like this study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It&#8217;s also made it possible for us to offer cutting-edge genetic reports on predispositions to depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and more. These reports, based on methodology called polygenic scores or PRS, let individuals understand what genome-wide association study findings mean for themselves. Knowing that you have an increased likelihood of depression or another condition based on genetics can help individuals identify potential symptoms early and seek support when needed. And for many, understanding the genetic component of their condition can help reduce feelings of self-blame and stigma.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Our <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-new-depression-report">Depression PRS report, part of 23andMe Premium</a>, is available to people from six major ancestry groups, again thanks to our diverse research participants that enabled us to scientifically validate the model in all these ancestries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-be-a-part-of-depression-genomics-research"><strong>How to be a part of depression genomics research</strong></h2>



<p>This study — made possible by the contributions of 23andMe research participants — marks a significant step forward in understanding the genetics of depression, but there&#8217;s still more to do. If you&#8217;re a 23andMe customer and you&#8217;re interested in contributing to more research studies like this one, you can learn more <a href="https://www.23andme.com/research/">here</a> about how to get involved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp-key-takeaways">&nbsp;<strong>Key Takeaways</strong></h2>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Depression affects millions, but this groundbreaking study uncovers nearly <strong>700 genetic links</strong> to the condition, including discoveries made possible by the inclusion of <strong>diverse populations</strong>.</li>



<li>The findings offer insights into the biological underpinnings of depression and potential new treatment options.</li>



<li>23andMe’s Depression PRS report empowers individuals to understand their genetic likelihood and take more control of their mental health journey.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-references"><strong>References</strong></h3>



<p><a href="https://www.apa.org/topics/depression" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Psychological Association. &#8220;Depression.&#8221; Retrieved March 8, 2023, from https://www.apa.org/topics/depression.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/learnmorefeelbetter/programs/depression.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. &#8220;Managing Depression.&#8221; Retrieved March 17, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/learnmorefeelbetter/programs/depression.htm.</a></p>



<p><a href="https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Alliance on Mental Illness. &#8220;Depression.&#8221; Retrieved March 8, 2023, from https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression.</a></p>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31006406" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Øverland S et al. (2019). &#8220;Seasonality and symptoms of depression: A systematic review of the literature.&#8221; Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 29:e31.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24721040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sarris 2014. &#8220;Lifestyle medicine for depression.&#8221; BMC Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 10;14:107.</a> https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24721040/</p>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450462/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hasin DS et al. (2018). &#8220;Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States.&#8221; JAMA Psychiatry. 75(4):336-346.</a> https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450462/</p>


Sr. Product Scientist I

Becca Berns

Landmark study breaks new ground in depression genetics research


<p>Alzheimer&#8217;s disease begins decades before symptoms appear. This means that there are opportunities for early prediction of who is at risk of developing Alzheimer&#8217;s, early detection of the developing disease, and for early intervention to slow the disease and delay the onset of dementia.&nbsp;<br>23andMe recently teamed up with <a href="https://www.usagainstalzheimers.org/">Us Against Alzheimer&#8217;s</a> to help sponsor a <a href="https://www.usagainstalzheimers.org/risk-reduction-and-dementia">webinar for healthcare professionals on reducing risk for dementia</a>. While this was intended for healthcare professionals, a lot of the information is helpful for anyone interested in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease and dementia prevention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-early-prediction-detection-and-intervention-can-help-fight-alzheimer-s">How Early Prediction, Detection, and Intervention Can Help Fight Alzheimer’s</h2>



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<p> 

<em>While 23andMe does offer APOE e4 testing*, we believe that deciding whether or not you want to learn about genetic information that relates to health risks is a personal choice. 23andMe customers have the option to opt-in or opt-out of receiving health information, and have the further option of opting in or out of the Late-Onset Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease Report specifically. If you’re a 23andMe customer and you do not opt in to seeing this information you will not see a Late-Onset Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease Report in your account. You can change your decision at any time in your account settings.</p>

<p>We encourage everyone to think carefully about whether to view their Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease Report—ultimately, it’s up to the individual to decide. While many 23andMe customers want this information and find it helpful in their health journey, we know that not everyone feels this way. We provide access to this information for those who want it, but also provide mechanisms to ensure those who do not want this information do not have to see it.</em></p>

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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-prediction-genetics-and-family-history">Early Prediction: Genetics and Family History</h3>



<p>Your family history and genetic testing can play a critical role in assessing your Alzheimer&#8217;s risk.</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Family history: </strong>knowing your family history with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia can provide an important signal of Alzheimer’s disease risk.</li>



<li><strong>APOE e4 genetic variant: </strong>This variant in the APOE gene is the most impactful common genetic risk factor for <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/late-onset-alzheimers/">late-onset Alzheimer’s disease</a>. There are also many other genes that can contribute to your risk of developing Alzheimer&#8217;s.</li>



<li><strong>Genetic testing:</strong> Genetic testing can help you find out whether you carry a variant linked to Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.</li>
</ul>



<p><em>The </em><a href="https://www.23andme.com/test-info/genetic-health/"><em>23andMe Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease Genetic Health Risk report</em></a><em> tests for the APOE e4 variant for customers who opt-in to this report.</em></p>



<p class="has-small-font-size"><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/living-with-alzheimers-disease"><strong><em>Read about a mother’s story with genetic testing for Alzheimer’s Disease</em></strong></a></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Early detection: tools and tests</h3>



<p>Early detection evaluations can identify if the biological signals of Alzheimer’s disease are developing.</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Brain imaging:</strong> Tools like PET scans and MRIs can detect physical changes in the brain.</li>



<li><strong>Blood Tests:</strong> Biomarkers, such as amyloid beta or phosphorylated tau, can signal the disease may be present.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>



<li><strong>Cognitive Assessments: </strong>Digital tools like tablet- or smartphone-based tests can monitor for early signs of cognitive decline.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Early Intervention: Slowing Progression</h3>



<p>There’s encouraging progress in treating Alzheimer’s disease in the early-stages. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37459141/">Newly</a><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36449413/"> approved</a> drugs can slow cognitive decline by 25–30% in early-stage patients. Ongoing research and drug development continue to explore methods to delay progression in presymptomatic stages and early stages from developing into later, symptomatic stages.</p>



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<p class="has-text-align-center"><a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-health-ancestry/"><em>Learn more about our Health + Ancestry Service</em></a></p>
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<p>Beyond early prediction, detection, and interventions—there&#8217;s also prevention. What can we all do to reduce our risk and help prevent Alzheimer&#8217;s from developing?</p>



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<p><em><em><em><em><em><em><em><em>“We need to carry out a process of early prediction using family history and genetics, early detection to see when that pathology is first brewing so we can hit it before the organ degenerates&#8221; – Dr. Rudolph Tanzi, Risk Reduction and Dementia; A Brain Health Academy seminar</em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Alzheimer’s Prevention through lifestyle changes</h2>



<p>What can you do today that will help lower your risk for Alzheimer&#8217;s disease? A <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/lifestyle-changes-may-help-reduce-for-risk-alzheimers-disease">healthy lifestyle can not only help lower your chances of developing Alzheimer&#8217;s disease</a>, but can also help improve cognitive function for those with early Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. What specifically helps lower risk?&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



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<p><em><em><em><em><em><em><em><em><em>&#8220;Sleep more, relax more, socialize more, move more, learn more, eat healthier&#8221;  – Dr. Rudolph Tanzi, Risk Reduction and Dementia; A Brain Health Academy seminar</em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></p>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-left has-large-font-size" id="h-the-shield-plan-for-brain-health">The SHIELD Plan for Brain Health</h3>



<p class="has-small-font-size">Dr. Rudolph Tanzi, Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital McCance Center for Brain Health, developed the SHIELD Plan, a simple guide to protecting your brain health:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>S</strong><strong>leep</strong> &#8211; Aim for 7-8 hours each night.  Deep sleep helps clear plaque and other debris from the brain. Prioritize good sleep habits now—don’t wait until next year!</li>



<li><strong>H</strong><strong>andle stress</strong> &#8211; Manage anxiety and depression in a plan that works for you—periodic vacations, meditation, mindfulness, yoga, or seeking help from a certified stress management specialist may all help. Anxiety and depression have both been shown to increase the risk for, and progression of, dementia.</li>



<li><strong>I</strong><strong>nteractions with others </strong>&#8211; A rich social life may slow cognitive aging and may protect against Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Find ways to continue to connect with others and combat feelings of loneliness.</li>



<li><strong>E</strong><strong>xercise </strong>&#8211; Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week—or, at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise, 5 days per week. Exercise increases blood flow to the brain and can trigger the birth of new nerve cells in certain parts of the brain.</li>



<li><strong>L</strong><strong>earn new things </strong>&#8211; Consistent engagement with learning throughout life is associated with improved cognitive function. Learning a new language, learning to play an instrument, completing puzzles, playing interactive games, or taking adult education classes may all help lifelong learning. </li>



<li><strong>D</strong><strong>iet </strong>&#8211; A Mediterranean diet is not just good for your heart, it&#8217;s also good for your brain. Focus on lower glycemic carbohydrates (like in nuts, fruits, and beans), healthy fats, leafy vegetables, and lean proteins.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">You are empowered</h2>



<p>It’s never too late to make changes. Every step we take to care for our brain, no matter how small, may contribute to our long-term cognitive health. Prevention starts with awareness and action—because small, consistent changes in our daily habits can make a meaningful difference in brain health over time. Together, by prioritizing our brain health, we can shift the tide against Alzheimer’s disease, one lifestyle choice at a time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Key Takeaways</h2>



<p>The science is clear: while we can’t control all the factors that contribute to Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, we <em>can</em> make meaningful choices today that may help protect our brains for years to come. Whether or not you choose to explore your genetic risk, the lifestyle interventions outlined in Dr. Tanzi’s SHIELD Plan—prioritizing good sleep, managing stress, staying socially connected, moving your body, feeding your mind, and eating for brain health—are each powerful tools to reduce your risk of dementia.</p>



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<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>



<p><em>*The 23andMe PGS test uses qualitative genotyping to detect select clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva to report and interpret genetic health risks. It is not intended to diagnose any disease. Your ethnicity may affect the relevance of each report and how your genetic health risk results are interpreted. Each genetic health risk report describes if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing a disease but does not describe a person’s overall risk of developing the disease. The test is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication, how much of a medication you should take, or determine any treatment.</em></p>



<p><em>The Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease genetic health risk report is indicated for reporting of the e4 variant in the APOE gene. It describes if a person has a variant associated with an increased risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. The e4 variant included in this report is found and has been studied in many ethnicities. Detailed risk estimates have been studied the most in people of European descent.</em></p>


Early Detection, Prediction, and Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease


<h5 class="wp-block-heading has-small-font-size" id="h-new-research-reveals-how-unique-blood-test-ranges-can-improve-health-insights">New research reveals how unique blood test ranges can improve health insights</h5>



<p>Did you know that your blood test results might tell a more personal story about your health than you think? <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39663453/">A recent paper in Nature</a> by Brody Foy and colleagues has uncovered fascinating insights about one of the most common medical tests—the complete blood count (CBC). The CBC measures various components of your blood like red and white blood cells, and hemoglobin.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The paper found that everyone has their own unique baseline, or “setpoint,” for their CBC values. If we look at the CBC results of two different people, their results will be much more different from each other than if we look at CBC results from the same person at two different points in time (even over 20 years). These personalized setpoints may actually be better at predicting your risk for certain diseases than relying solely on traditional reference ranges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-genetics-in-your-blood-test-results">The Role of Genetics in Your Blood Test Results</h2>



<p>Genetics <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38649760/">may play a key role in shaping these setpoints</a>. We already know that in certain cases genetics can predispose an individual to lab results outside the standard reference ranges; an example of this is Duffy-null associated neutrophil count.</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>What Is the Duffy-Null Phenotype?<br></strong>Genetic variation in the ACKR1 gene determines Duffy blood group status. People who lack the Duffy antigens on their red blood cells have what&#8217;s called the &#8220;Duffy-null&#8221; phenotype, which is associated with protection against certain types of malaria. This also leads to lower overall neutrophil count in the blood without any negative health effects. </li>



<li><strong>Why Does This Matter?</strong><strong><br></strong>Healthcare providers can sometimes see a low neutrophil count on bloodwork and order <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34180972/">unnecessary followup tests</a> that provide no benefit. These naturally low neutrophil levels can also lead to people with the Duffy-null phenotype being <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39588887/">excluded from clinical trials</a> or denied appropriate medication doses.</li>
</ul>



<p>This is just one example of how genetic factors can influence blood test results, showing the importance of understanding personalized reference ranges that reflect individual biology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-personalized-reference-ranges-matter">Why Personalized Reference Ranges Matter</h2>



<p>When it comes to blood test results, it&#8217;s clear that what&#8217;s &#8220;healthy&#8221; can be different between individuals due to genetics and other biological and demographic factors. Having more personalized reference ranges for blood tests would allow for better understanding of a patient&#8217;s actual health status, identifying risks more accurately to improve long-term health outcomes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-benefits-for-healthcare">Potential benefits for healthcare</h3>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>More Accurate Risk Prediction:</strong> Personalized setpoints could help doctors identify risks for diseases more effectively.</li>



<li><strong>Fewer Unnecessary Tests:</strong> Patients might avoid unneeded follow-ups triggered by results that are technically outside the standard range but normal for them.</li>



<li><strong>Better Treatment Decisions:</strong> Tailored reference ranges could help ensure that patients receive the correct medication doses and aren’t excluded from clinical trials due to irrelevant test results.</li>
</ul>



<p>This study underscores the potential of moving beyond generic reference ranges to embrace a more personalized approach to healthcare. By factoring in unique traits—like genetics and demographics—we can better understand what &#8220;healthy&#8221; looks like for each individual.</p>


Research — Page 4