<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright alignnone size-medium wp-image-413" style="float: right;" title="Election - Young Voter Thumbsup" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/girlvote-200x300.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="300" srcset="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/girlvote-200x300.jpg 200w, https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/girlvote.jpg 283w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" />On the heels of his previous <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/2008/07/15/the-true-value-of-two-for-one-deals/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer">paper</a> finding that participating in political activities such as voting is influenced in part by genes, political scientist James Fowler and his graduate student Christopher Dawes announced that they’ve identified two genes that are associated with voting itself.
In the current issue of The Journal of Politics, Fowler and Dawes <a href="http://media-newswire.com/release_1068548.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">identify</a> particular variants of the MAOA and 5HTT genes, both of which are part of the biological pathway that influences mood, emotion and judgment, as being &#8220;significantly associated with the decision to vote.&#8221;
Based on the description above, it&#8217;s easy to see how the serotonin pathway can affect social behaviors. <a href="http://www.madewithmolecules.com/serotoninnecklace.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Serotonin</a> is a chemical in the brain that can induce feelings of happiness. Studies have shown that MAOA and 5HTT have different functions on the pathway, and variants of each gene have been linked to particular behaviors.
For example, the version of 5HTT with a slightly shorter genetic sequence has been associated with producing low levels of serotonin. Studies indicate that the &#8220;short&#8221; version of the gene has been linked to conditions such as <a href="http://hum-molgen.org/NewsGen/03-2005/000019.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">alcohol dependence</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9832193?ordinalpos=3&#038;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">bipolar depression</a>.
On the other hand, the &#8220;long&#8221; version has been linked to more positive traits such as <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16095668?ordinalpos=36&#038;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">longevity</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17642369?ordinalpos=16&#038;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">competitiveness in athletes</a>.
Similarly, MAOA has high- and low-activity versions. The high-activity version has been linked with <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12136060?ordinalpos=8&#038;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">restless legs syndrome</a> while the low-activity version, which is also associated with producing low serotonin levels, has been linked to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969463?ordinalpos=19&#038;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">increased sleep apnea</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18361446?ordinalpos=21&#038;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">more severe symptoms of autism</a>.
Because the &#8220;long&#8221; version of 5HTT and the &#8220;high&#8221; version of MAOA have been correlated with social behaviors, Fowler and Dawes proposed these as candidate genes for voting participation. They then looked at population data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to find confirmation of their theory.
Known as Add Health, the study itself consists of data collected from more than 15,000 young adults who the researchers tracked for seven years between 1994 and 2001. Among the questions the now 18-26 year-old participants answered for the researchers toward the end of the study were how often they&#8217;d attended church services in the past year and whether or not they voted in the 2000 presidential election.
Fowler and Dawes based their conclusions on the data collected from a subset of 2,300 Add Health participants because information for six genetic markers, including 5HTT and MAOA, were also collected from them. They correlated the genetic information with the answers from the surveys to find out if their candidate genes would turn out to play a role in voter turnout.
Turns out they found a couple of links. &#8220;Having a high MAOA allele,&#8221; Fowler and Dawes wrote in their paper, &#8220;raises the likelihood of voting by about 5%. Among people active in their religious organizations, having a long 5HTT allele raises the likelihood of voting by about 10%.&#8221;
Given the age range of the study participants, and the timing, it&#8217;s worth asking some questions about these conclusions. Fowler and Dawes themselves note that the young adults might have been voting for the first time during the 2000 election; the historic significance of that contest might have been a motivator along with theoretically being genetically inclined towards pro-social behavior. Having older participants in the study might have been able to provide the researchers with a more constant voting behavior perspective.
What Fowler and Dawes don&#8217;t discuss, though, is the role of religion during the 2000 election. One <a href="http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/6/846" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">study</a> published last year found that 25 percent of the public said their voting decisions for the 2000 election were influenced by the religious media. Another study found that members of evangelical Protestant churches form tight social networks that promote civic involvement such as political participation within these communities.
In short, the correlation between the long 5HTT version, religious involvement and voting might be a little more complicated than Fowler and Dawes contend.

James Fowler

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