Recently, 23andMe significantly improved relationship estimates with two new updates: a new algorithm that improves predictions for distant relatives and HybridIBDSM, a new method to determine DNA Relatives.



These improvements are particularly beneficial for those who use 23andMe to find connections with their most distant DNA Relatives. Whether you&#8217;re a hobbyist dabbling in genealogy or a dedicated researcher tracing distant branches of your family tree, these changes will provide better insights to help you delve more into your genetic connections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-these-updates-mean-for-you">What These Updates Mean for You</h2>



With these updates, all customers will receive improved relationship predictions. These predictions will help you uncover older family connections that may date back much further than previously possible.



Existing 23andMe+ Premium and Total Health members will automatically be computed using the new HybridIBD algorithm. This will result in new and improved distant relatives. This update will provide more reliable insights for your genealogy research. 



All new 23andMe ancestry customers will be computed using the new HybridIBD algorithm.&nbsp;



Existing Ancestry and Health + Ancestry Service customers who want their results to be computed using the HybridIBD algorithm should upgrade to 23andMe+ Premium or Total Health.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ibd-the-science-behind-your-genetic-matches">IBD: The Science Behind Your Genetic Matches</h2>



Have you ever wondered what the signature of genetic relatedness is? The hallmark of genetic relatedness is long tracts of DNA shared between two people. Using shared DNA to estimate relatedness is called identity-by-descent (IBD). 



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-medium"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="280" height="300" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-280x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-33274" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-280x300.jpg 280w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-768x822.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-957x1024.jpg 957w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-822x880.jpg 822w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-1102x1180.jpg 1102w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_.jpg 1121w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px" /></figure>



We use IBD extensively within 23andMe, especially in our feature, DNA Relatives. DNA Relatives shows customers how close their relationships are.&nbsp; We are launching these two updates to improve the accuracy of our relationship predictions. The first update changes our method of making relationship estimates from IBD data. The second update improves the algorithm we use to detect IBD in the first place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improved-relationship-predictions">Improved Relationship Predictions</h2>



You may have noticed that your predictions from 23andMe and other companies top out around the 5th or 6th cousins. This is regardless of how far down the list of relatives you scroll. For the better part of two decades, researchers have thought that the most distant relationship we could detect using IBD was around 15 degrees. This corresponds roughly to an 8th cousin who shares a common ancestor during the American Revolutionary War. It has long been possible to detect small shared segments that arose hundreds of generations in the past. However, it was thought that the long shared DNA segments detected among genotyped individuals in large databases like that of 23andMe represented relatively recent relationships.



Most relatives inferred by 23andMe are probably moderately distant, perhaps from 4th to 15th cousins. However, a new 23andMe paper released earlier this year demonstrated that the most distant relationship we can detect may be closer to a few hundred degrees. This corresponds to a common ancestor who lived thousands of years ago, perhaps before the rise of the Roman Empire.



There are two primary reasons existing relationship estimates do not go back that far. First, existing inference methods underestimate the probability that distant relatives share IBD. These estimators assume that each pair of distant relatives is connected through only one genealogical lineage. This can be a reasonable assumption when two relatives are closely related, but the assumption breaks down when we consider relationships whose common ancestors lived many generations in the past. In the distant past, each person shared many common ancestors with each of their relatives. Each person is connected to their ancestors by many different lineages, a phenomenon known as “pedigree collapse”.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-on-relationship-inference">Published Research on Relationship Inference</h2>



<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594005v1.full.pdf">Our recent pape</a>r pointed out that the formulas underlying existing relationship inference methods don’t account for pedigree collapse. The fact that we are connected to each of our relatives many times over means that there are many paths for DNA transmission, not just one. This leads to a higher probability than we thought of sharing DNA with very distant relatives. As a result, there is a reasonable chance of sharing DNA with someone through an ancestor who lived many hundreds or even thousands of years in the past.



The second reason existing relationship estimators underestimate relationships is that they are applied almost exclusively to pairs of individuals known to share IBD in the first place. Genetic testing companies use a two-step procedure to identify your relatives. First, they find people with whom they share IBD. Next, they use this IBD to estimate relationships. However, the formulas that underlie existing relationship estimators aren’t designed for this approach. Instead, the formulas assume that two putative relatives were selected regardless of whether or not they shared IBD. Until our recent paper, it wasn’t well understood that this unintended application of estimators profoundly affected the inferences they made.&nbsp;



Below, Figure 1A shows the result of estimating a relationship using an existing relationship estimator, i.e., without accounting for two people sharing IBD.



In comparison, Figure 1B shows estimates made when accounting for the fact that IBD is shared. Figure 1 shows that existing relationship estimates all have a ceiling of around 10 degrees and are profoundly biased for more distant relationships. In comparison, a new estimator that accounts for observed IBD can generate very deep relationship estimates. Moreover, the higher uncertainty in the latest estimates captures the true range of likely relationships.



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-medium"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="300" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Estimated-Degree-v-True-Degree-194x300.jpg" alt="Two graphs showing degree of relatedness." class="wp-image-33299" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Estimated-Degree-v-True-Degree-194x300.jpg 194w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Estimated-Degree-v-True-Degree-661x1024.jpg 661w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Estimated-Degree-v-True-Degree-568x880.jpg 568w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Estimated-Degree-v-True-Degree.jpg 678w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 194px) 100vw, 194px" /></figure>



Figure 1: Existing and new relationship estimates. A) A relationship estimator that does not account for the fact that at least one segment of IBD is observed. B) An estimator that accounts for observing at least one segment of IBD.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-hybridibd-exceptionally-accurate-dna-matching">Introducing HybridIBD: Exceptionally Accurate DNA Matching</h2>



The new DNA relationship estimates described above rely on accurate IBD detection. HybridIBD is a new IBD detection algorithm that combines strengths from two separate 23andMe IBD algorithms to dramatically improve IBD detection. Let&#8217;s take a look at these two algorithms.



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>phasedIBD compares matches between phased genomes, separated into distinct parental contributions. It excels at finding the short IBD segments that connect you to distant relatives. With phasedIBD, segments down to 5 cM or shorter can be identified reliably. This is important for accurately identifying distant relatives!</li>



<li>IBD64 works by comparing unphased genomes, which gives it an advantage for finding long IBD segments shared between close relatives since these are often considerably fragmented by phasing errors. For a more detailed assessment of phasedIBD and IBD64, see the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa328">paper authored by 23andMe scientists in Molecular Biology and Evolution</a>.</li>
</ul>



With HybridIBD, every new genome is first analyzed by phasedIBD to find distant relatives. Then, any pair sharing a significant amount of IBD has refined their IBD using IBD64. This dual approach leverages the strengths of each algorithm, improving the overall accuracy of DNA Relatives.



We&#8217;ve developed a robust and scalable pipeline for HybridIBD that processes new customers against our database of over 15 million individuals, discovering approximately 300 million new relationships daily!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-for-23andme-customers">Benefits for 23andMe Customers</h2>



When the new relationship estimators are implemented, all 23andMe customers can expect improved distant relative predictions for many relatives currently predicted as second cousins or higher. &nbsp;Customers will also see improvements in some close relationship predictions, especially first cousins, as the new estimator better accounts for age differences between you and your relatives.



Customers with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry will see particularly large improvements in their distant relative predictions because our new relationship estimator better accounts for pedigree collapse, which was particularly strong in the historical Ashkenazi population. The new, wider confidence intervals also better capture the true range of likely relationships.



Customers’ results computed with HybridIBD can expect further changes. First, the accuracy of distant DNA Relatives will increase significantly. With phasedIBD now responsible for identifying distant relatives, many previous identifications made by IBD64 will be superseded by more accurate matches from phasedIBD. Two particular improvements to call out are that customers with South Asian, West Asian, or North African ancestries will find fewer DNA relationships with customers with only European ancestry, and customers with East Asian ancestries will see significantly more accurate second, third, and fourth-cousin relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learn-more">Learn More</h2>



If you’re curious to learn more about the science behind these updates, we recommend checking out these papers:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.13.594005.">Ethan M. Jewett and the 23andMe Research Team (2024). Correcting model misspecification in relationship estimates bioRxiv.</a> </li>



<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa328">&#8220;Fast and Robust Identity-by-Descent Inference with the Templated Positional Burrows-Wheeler Transform&#8221; by Freyman, W. A., et al., in Molecular Biology and Evolution (2021).</a></li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-find-out-more">Find out more</h2>



23andMe customers can see their<a href="https://you.23andme.com/reports/ancestry_composition_hd/"> Ancestry Composition</a>.&nbsp;



Are you still waiting to be a customer? Find out more about 23andMe’s<a href="https://www.23andme.com/compare-dna-tests/">&nbsp; Ancestry Service and other services</a>.

23andMe Blog

23andMe Blog Team

Improvements to DNA Relatives: New HybridIBD Algorithm and Relationship Predictions

Common medications for conditions like anxiety, depression, or high cholesterol or even to limit the growth of some cancers, may not work as well for some of us because of our genetics.



Yet few of us know before we are prescribed an SSRI for depression, say, or a statin for high cholesterol, that we have a genetic variant that may impact how our bodies process those medications.



What if you and your doctor knew this beforehand?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-open-your-genetic-medicine-cabinet">Open Your (Genetic) Medicine Cabinet</h2>



This week, we launched an upgrade to Medicine Cabinet, a feature for 23andMe+ Premium members that allows them to more simply check how their genetics may impact the medications they are currently taking.*



This version of the feature is also another way customers learn more about genetics&#8217; role in processing certain medications.* Most people have at least one genetic variant that may alter how their bodies process certain commonly prescribed drugs.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="740" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/medCabinet-CommsBanner-640x740-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-33443" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/medCabinet-CommsBanner-640x740-1.jpg 640w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/medCabinet-CommsBanner-640x740-1-259x300.jpg 259w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-pharmacogenetics">What is Pharmacogenetics?</h2>



The FDA lists<a href="https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/precision-medicine/table-pharmacogenetic-associations"> dozens of medications with &#8220;pharmacogenetic associations&#8221;</a> and continues to add more.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/genomics-and-health/about/pharmacogenetics.html">Pharmacogenetics</a> is the study of how single DNA variants affect how you respond to medication. While many of these <a href="https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/precision-medicine/table-pharmacogenetic-associations">pharmacogenetic associations</a> have been known for years, few people are tested before being prescribed many of these medications. 23andMe was the first direct-to-consumer genetics company to receive <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-first-direct-consumer-test-detecting-genetic-variants-may-be-associated-medication">FDA authorization for its Pharmacogenetic Report</a>s*.&nbsp;



23andMe&#8217;s Medicine Cabinet feature puts more information directly in customers&#8217; hands. It allows 23andMe+ Premium members to easily input the medications they&#8217;re using into the feature manually or, for iOS users, through Apple&#8217;s HealthKit and save that information. Based on their Pharmacogenetic reports, they are then alerted of possible DNA-medication interactions.



That way, customers can more proactively monitor additional medication insights over time, as their medication may change or other pharmacogenetic associations become more known.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Of course, genetics is just one factor that influences how you process medications. Other factors, like age, weight, liver and kidney function, drug interactions, or even some foods, also play a role.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-23andme-s-pharmacogenetic-reports-nbsp">23andMe’s Pharmacogenetic Reports&nbsp;</h2>



Currently,<a href="https://www.23andme.com/test-info/pharmacogenetics/"> 23andMe&#8217;s Pharmacogenetic Reports</a> examine variants in three genes affecting how individuals metabolize or transport about two dozen medications.



For example, 23andMe offers reports that look at variants in the genes CYP2C19, DPYD, and SLCO1B1, which are involved in processing specific medications. The CYP2C19 enzyme helps metabolize many commonly used drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors, the antiplatelet clopidogrel, and certain antidepressants. The DPYD gene encodes the DPD enzyme, which helps break down fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy medications, including fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine. The SLCO1B1 gene encodes the SLCO1B1 protein, which helps transport cholesterol-lowering statins into the liver for removal from the body.



Knowing your underlying genetics could help you and your doctor ensure the effectiveness of some of your prescribed medications.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learn-more">Learn More</h2>



Medicine Cabinet will help 23andMe+ Premium members more easily monitor those medications and provide updates on newly identified pharmacogenetic associations or additional 23andMe reports.



This version of Medicine Cabinet is available to 23andMe+ Premium members in the United States. Learn more about <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/">joining 23andMe+ Premium here</a>.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



*23andMe PGS Pharmacogenetics reports: The 23andMe test uses qualitative genotyping to detect 3 variants in the CYP2C19 gene, 2 variants in the DPYD gene, and 1 variant in the SLCO1B1 gene in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva to report and interpret information about the processing of certain therapeutics to inform discussions with a healthcare professional. It does not describe if a person will or will not respond to a particular therapeutic. Our CYP2C19 Pharmacogenetics report provides certain information about variants associated with the metabolism of some therapeutics and provides interpretive drug information regarding the potential effect of citalopram and clopidogrel therapy. Our SLCO1B1 Pharmacogenetics report provides certain information about variants associated with the processing of some therapeutics and provides interpretive drug information regarding the potential effect of simvastatin therapy. Our DPYD Pharmacogenetics report does not describe the association between detected variants and any specific therapeutic. Results for DPYD and certain CYP2C19 results should be confirmed by an independent genetic test prescribed by your own healthcare provider before taking any medical action. 



Warning: 



Test information should not be used to start, stop, or change any course of treatment and does not test for all possible variants that may affect metabolism or protein function. The PGS test is not a substitute for visits to a healthcare professional. Making changes to your current regimen can lead to harmful side effects or reduced intended benefits of your medication, therefore consult with your healthcare professional before taking any medical action. For important information and limitations regarding Pharmacogenetic reports, visit <a href="https://www.23andme.com/test-info/pharmacogenetics/">23andme.com/test-info/pharmacogenetics/</a>

Take a Peek Inside 23andMe’s Upgrade to the Medicine Cabinet Feature

23andMe&#8217;s new <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-23andme-update-connects-many-african-american-customers-to-southern-roots">African American Genetic Groups feature</a> leans heavily on science, but it also relies on the well-crafted writing of Jalen Robinson, a third-year medical student at Morehouse School of Medicine who worked over the summer as an intern with the 23andMe Research Equity and Partnership team and helped build this feature. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="536" height="695" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Jalen-R-e1729182003758.png" alt="23andMe intern and Morehouse College of Medicine student Jalen Robinson." class="wp-image-33409" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Jalen-R-e1729182003758.png 536w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Jalen-R-e1729182003758-231x300.png 231w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px" /></figure>



Robinson, from Newton, Georgia, a rural community of 600, knows a lot about what places like his own hometown and others like it have to offer. Proud of where he comes from, he&#8217;s also motivated to give back and decided to go to medical school partly because he saw how the lack of access to healthcare in his community had affected the lives of friends and family members who died of preventable diseases. Becoming a doctor allows him to improve access to medical care in rural and underserved communities in the South.



His work on the African American Genetic Groups feature isn&#8217;t about healthcare but about recognizing these communities&#8217; cultural, political, and historical importance.



We sat down with Jalen to hear a little about what he learned during this project and what he hopes customers will use this feature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-medical-school">Why Medical School</h2>



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>You were motivated to attend medical school because you saw how a lack of access to healthcare in rural communities like yours costs lives. It&#8217;s not a parallel, but many small communities feel forgotten. Would helping people reconnect with their roots help people seeking to make these connections and communities?&nbsp;</li>
</ol>



Absolutely! I believe that helping people reconnect with their roots can be incredibly powerful for both individuals and communities. Growing up in a small town, I&#8217;ve experienced the deep pride and identity tied to shared history and values. Fostering these connections empowers residents to advocate for better healthcare and resources.



When people understand and feel more connected to their roots, they often become more engaged in their community&#8217;s well-being. This can lead to increased support for local healthcare initiatives, participation in outreach programs, or even a return home to contribute to the growth of their communities.



Ultimately, I hope this reconnection fosters a stronger sense of community ownership and collaboration. By working together, communities can identify their needs and develop solutions, ensuring everyone feels heard and has access to the care they deserve. Beyond improving health outcomes, this renewal can enhance the community spirit, creating a cycle of support and growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-researching-african-american-genetic-groups">Researching African American Genetic Groups</h2>



<ol start="2" class="wp-block-list">
<li>You wrote up the descriptions of these broader African American Genetic Groups. Did you learn anything you didn&#8217;t already know or were surprised during your research?</li>
</ol>



Yes, I definitely learned a lot, which surprised me during my research. Growing up in southwest Georgia, I was unaware of the variety of genetic groups present in Georgia and throughout the southeastern United States. I didn’t realize how historical migration patterns have shaped genetic variations or how significant the influence of different regions and ancestral backgrounds has shaped the current genetic landscape.



During my research, I was particularly struck by the lasting impact that African Americans have had on culture, food, dance, music, language, and more. My purpose for this content section was to acknowledge the history of slavery and its role in the migration of African Americans to these areas while primarily highlighting the contributions and unique aspects of African Americans within these different groups. 



As I explored each genetic group, I was amazed by the rich histories associated with them. I discovered various languages, cuisines, and pastimes that reflect this heritage. Learning how African ancestry is celebrated through numerous parades, festivals, and events was inspiring. Additionally, I found that people can experience this history firsthand by visiting museums and historical societies dedicated to preserving and sharing these stories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-african-american-experience">The African American Experience</h2>



<ol start="3" class="wp-block-list">
<li>One of the fascinating aspects of DNA is that beyond just telling you about genetic predispositions or your ancestral background, it can reveal historical events, migration, and, as 23andMe&#8217;s Steven Micheletti has shown with his published work, the impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. What aspect of America&#8217;s history do you think this new feature reveals?</li>
</ol>



One of the most significant aspects this new feature reveals is the complex nature of the African American experience throughout history. By tracing genetic connections and migration patterns, we gain insight into the lasting impact of historical events like the Transatlantic Slave Trade and how they shaped family lineages and communities. 



This feature encourages uncomfortable conversations about events often overlooked in history. It allows us to confront the realities of slavery and understand how African Americans migrated to various regions within the U.S.



Moreover, it highlights the resilience of African Americans and their substantial contributions to communities. Their lasting impact is evident today in culture, language, food, music, and celebrations that honor African ancestry. Additionally, this feature gives individuals previously unaware of their ancestral lineage the chance to explore the genetic groups they are matched with, fostering a greater understanding and a deeper connection to their heritage. This newfound knowledge can empower people to celebrate their roots and fully engage with their cultural identity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-23andme">Insights from 23andMe</h2>



<ol start="4" class="wp-block-list">
<li>You&#8217;ve used 23andMe, what did you learn most helpful for you?</li>
</ol>



Using 23andMe has been incredibly insightful for me. One of the most helpful aspects has been the ability to trace my ancestry and understand the diverse genetic backgrounds that contribute to my heritage. 



As an African American male, I knew my roots traced back to Africa, but it was exciting to pinpoint specific countries and see the percentage of my ancestry from each. I also found learning about my European, Indigenous American, and Caribbean ancestry composition fascinating. Discovering the specific genetic groups I’m connected to added even more depth to my understanding of my heritage.



I recently received my results, which showed a high probability of my ancestry being linked to African Americans from Mitchell and Baker Counties. This made sense, given my family&#8217;s long history in Baker County. 



However, I was surprised to find a 99 percent probability match to the Savannah River Basin African Americans genetic group, which includes Edgefield, Aiken, and Saluda counties in South Carolina, near the Savannah River that forms much of the South Carolina-Georgia border. I didn’t know of any ancestors from that area, so this discovery opened up new avenues for tracing my roots and exploring whether my ancestors might have migrated to Baker County.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-surprises">Some Surprises</h2>



<ol start="5" class="wp-block-list">
<li>You also recently reviewed your ancestry results with Steven. What stood out as the most exciting thing for you and your family?</li>
</ol>



In addition to understanding my ancestry composition and specific genetic group connections, the health reports were the most exciting aspects for my family and me. My paternal family has a history of various cancers, while my maternal family has a history of diabetes and cataracts. I’ve always been curious about my risk for specific health issues.



The health report revealed that I had no variants detected for certain types of cancers 23andme tests for, which was reassuring. However, it noted that I am at elevated risk for Type 2 diabetes, something I was already aware of. Interestingly, I also had two variants detected for age-related macular degeneration, which indicates a slightly increased risk of developing that disorder. Additionally, I carry one of the two genetic variants tested for APOL1-related chronic kidney disease.



Before the health report, I was unaware of these findings and didn’t know I was at risk for these conditions. With this knowledge, I am empowered to take proactive steps and consult with my medical providers on ways to reduce the risk of developing them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-others-might-learn">What Others Might Learn</h2>



<ol start="6" class="wp-block-list">
<li>What do you hope customers take away from using this new feature?</li>
</ol>



I hope customers gain a greater sense of identity and belonging using this new feature. I want them to learn more about their ancestral composition, discover where their ancestors originated from, and understand any potential health risks they may face. 



This knowledge can empower them to connect more deeply with their heritage and make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

A map showing all the African American Genetic Groups

Working on 23andMe’s African American Genetic Groups Project

A group of people enslaved to the Confederate General Thomas Drayton, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in May 1862.

New 23andMe Update Connects Many African American Customers to Southern Roots

A new study by scientists in New Zealand determined that genetics has a much more significant impact on the risk of developing gout than previously thought.



Led by researchers at the University of Otago in New Zealand, the study published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-024-01921-5">Nature Genetics</a> used data from more than 2.6 million people with about 75 percent of that data from 23andMe customers who consented to participate in research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ending-the-stigma">Ending the Stigma</h2>



While diet and lifestyle play a role, genetics have an outside influence on whether a person will develop <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/gout/">gout</a>, this painful form of arthritis caused by the build-up of uric acid.



“Gout is a chronic disease with a genetic basis and is not the fault of the sufferer – the myth that gout is caused by lifestyle or diet needs to be busted,” said Professor Tony Merriman of Otago’s Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the leading author of the paper.



Once associated with the gluttonous indulgence of someone like King Henry VIII, the researchers said they hoped that their study would illuminate the complicated biology of the disease and dispel some of the stigma around gout.



“This widespread myth causes shame in people with gout, making some people more likely to suffer in silence and not go and see the doctor to get a preventive drug that lowers urate in the blood and will prevent their pain,” Merriman said.&nbsp; 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-and-environment">Genes and Environment </h2>



As with many diseases, many factors influence the risk of developing gout. 



“People need to understand that while specific dietary factors — such as eating red meat — can trigger gout attacks, the fundamental&nbsp;cause&nbsp;is high urate levels, crystals in the joints, and an immune system primed to ‘attack’ the crystals – genetics plays an important role in all of these processes.”



The study identified 377 variants associated with gout, and 148 of those associations were identified for the first time. 



Many of these genetic variants are in or near gene regions involved in regulating urate levels and the mechanisms by which elevated uric acid in the blood, something called hyperuricemia, progresses to inflammation in the joints with gout. The study also identified several genes in the immune response associated with gout.



You can read the complete study in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-024-01921-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Genetics here</a>.

New Genetic Research on Gout

In the largest genetic study of its kind to date, 23andMe scientists have identified variants associated with an increased risk of developing Long COVID and also established a genetic link between the potentially debilitating condition and other chronic conditions such as depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia.



Published in the preprint server for health scientists known as <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.24315052v1">MedRxiv</a>, the study suggests that genetic differences in how the body&#8217;s immune system recognizes and responds to the virus likely influence the chances of developing Long COVID. Among the strongest genetic associations was in the region of the HLA-DRB1 gene, which plays a critical role in the body&#8217;s immune response.



&#8220;Long COVID&#8217;s rising burden and impact highlights the urgent need to better understand its pathophysiology. Our study marks a significant step toward unraveling the genetic underpinnings of Long COVID where we report that the immune function may play an important role in developing the condition,” said Ninad Chaudhary, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow at 23andMe and a co-author of the study.&nbsp; “Along with identifying robust evidence that individual genetic variants contribute to the risk of Long COVID, we also identify potential causal effects of genetic predisposition to depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia with the development of Long COVID. This provides opportunities to identify at-risk individuals and new avenues of investigation for investigating treatments that may address the impact of Long Covid.&#8221;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-long-covid">What is Long COVID?</h2>



The <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/covid/long-term-effects/index.html">US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines Long COVID</a> as being a chronic condition lasting three months or more after an initial infection COVID-19.



Individuals suffering from Long COVID present with a wide range of more than 200 symptoms, but among the most common are brain fog, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Estimates suggest that worldwide, as many as 65 million people endure Long COVID.



A little over 7 percent of people infected with COVID-19 will develop Long COVID, while more than half of those with severe cases will develop the lingering condition. Projecting over the millions of individuals worldwide who&#8217;ve been infected or are yet to be re-infected, the public health impact of Long COVID is likely to linger for years to come. Understanding the underlying biology and associations may help scientists understand how to treat the condition better.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-response-and-blood-type">Immune Response and Blood Type</h2>



In addition to the HLA finding, 23andMe scientists also focused on the role of the ABO gene, which determines a person&#8217;s blood type. The role of the ABO gene has been previously identified by 23andMe scientists and others for its role in the severity of COVID-19 in some individuals. In this study, the scientists suggest that blood type or ABO variation may also influence the likelihood of developing Long COVID.&nbsp;



The ABO blood group also has a role in immune response as well as influences the factors that affect the coagulation of blood. This, in turn, may explain why it is associated with both acute COVID-19 and Long COVID cases. The blood types determined by the ABO gene are also linked to blood clotting and inflammation, both hallmarks of Long COVID.



The scientists working on this study also identified several new associations in or near the genes BPTF, C17orf58, and KPNA2. Researchers believe these genes&#8217; role in susceptibility to Long COVID is also related to the defense system against viruses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chronic-conditions-associated-with-long-covid">Chronic Conditions Associated with Long COVID</h2>



This study also found strong genetic correlations between Long COVID and several other chronic conditions, including chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and depression. The researchers found that people with genetic predispositions toward these chronic conditions were more likely to develop Long COVID after a COVID-19 infection.



For researchers, the link between these chronic conditions could provide clues to the underlying biology why Long COVID develops in some people and not others. For example, immune dysregulation and impaired cellular function, which may play a role in Long COVID, are often hallmarks of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.&nbsp;



Other studies have shown how depression affects immune function and the body&#8217;s ability to fight off infections. The genetic link between depression and Long COVID may support the idea that immune system dysfunction plays a central role in the development of Long COVID.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-research-and-treatment">Implications for Future Research and Treatment</h2>



By identifying new genetic associations for Long COVID and possible biological pathways, the research could help other scientists search for treatments. For example, existing medicines used to treat depression might have clinical utility in treating Long COVID if well-powered randomized controlled trials of these medicines in the Long COVID setting were to substantiate this hypothesis.



In addition, the research may help identify those at most risk for Long COVID, who could benefit from better monitoring post infection or better treatment options.



Ultimately, the genetic insights from this study provide a foundation for future research that could lead to improved care and outcomes for Long COVID patients. As we continue to learn more about the condition, we hope that we will soon have better tools to prevent and treat the long-term effects of COVID-19, bringing relief to the millions of people affected by this condition worldwide.



This <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.24315052v1">study</a> is part of a series being conducted by 23andMe scientists since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, and it was made possible by 23andMe customers who consented to participate in research.

A logo for 23andMe's COVID-19 Research Study

Genetic Associations with Long COVID

You&#8217;re more than just your genetics; insights from DNA testing can help add dimensions to your family history, ancestors, and sometimes distant connections to populations worldwide.



When exploring those connections, you need a trusted guide like 23andMe. 23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service offers the most comprehensive genetic ancestry breakdown on the market, with more than 3,500 geographic regions, reports on traits, Neanderthal Ancestry, your Ancestry Timeline, ancient maternal and paternal lineages, and more. The Ancestry Service also offers access to our pioneering DNA Relative Finder tool, 23andMe&#8217;s automatic family tree builder, and more than 30 trait reports, with insights into hair and eye color, taste preferences, and facial characteristics.



In this post, we&#8217;ll tell you a little about what you can learn using the 23andMe Ancestry Service.&nbsp; Oh, and in case you didn&#8217;t know, 23andMe is also the only DNA ancestry service that allows you to upgrade to include FDA-authorized health reports anytime.



So, let&#8217;s look at 23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service. And just a heads up before you dive in, it also happens to be a great time to do so. Now through October 15, 2024, we have our lowest price of the year on the 23andMe Ancestry Service for customers in the United States at just $59. Learn more <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">here</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancestry-composition">Ancestry Composition</h2>



Like everything at 23andMe, it all starts with science and a touch of wonder.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1008" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/71Su-aPJvtL._AC_SL1500_-1024x1008.jpg" alt="An image of a customers Ancestry composition on a mobile phone," class="wp-image-33273" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/71Su-aPJvtL._AC_SL1500_-1024x1008.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/71Su-aPJvtL._AC_SL1500_-300x295.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/71Su-aPJvtL._AC_SL1500_-768x756.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/71Su-aPJvtL._AC_SL1500_-880x867.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/71Su-aPJvtL._AC_SL1500_-1180x1162.jpg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/71Su-aPJvtL._AC_SL1500_.jpg 1500w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



Here&#8217;s a fascinating fact: your DNA is not just a blueprint for what makes you you; it&#8217;s also a record of your ancestors&#8217; geographic origins.



<a href="https://www.23andme.com/ancestry-composition-guide/">23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Composition</a> helps you visualize your ancestral origins. 23andMe compares thousands of sections of DNA across your genome to an ever-expanding library of reference populations. Then, we use those comparisons to assign a closely matching reference population for each of those sections of your DNA, and then we tally them up. That allows our Ancestry Composition tool to break down the percentages of your DNA that link to different populations from Asia, Europe, the Americas, or Africa.



We arrange this breakdown into a hierarchy. At the top is the continent level, which is then broken down into the region, country, and local levels. That breakdown is all plotted on a map to help you visualize where your DNA is from.&nbsp;



The Ancestry Composition report also shows specific Genetic Groups you match with, which may reveal connections to specific cultural, ethnic, or linguistic groups such as Germany’s historically Swabian-speaking communities, people from Italy’s Monregalese region, the Maya peoples of Mesoamerica, Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest, the Ashanti people from what is now Ghana, historical Sephardic Jewish communities of northeastern Mexico, and so much more.&nbsp;



Over the last few years, 23andMe has updated the granularity of results for customers with ancestral lines from around the world. Read about our recent updates here:<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-groups-for-japan-and-scandinavia"> Japan &amp; Scandinavia</a>,<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/germanic-europe-genetic-groups"> Germanic Europe</a>,<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-improves-ancestry-results-for-people-with-south-american-levantine-sephardic-and-mizrahi-genetic-ancestry"> South America, and the Levant</a>,<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/ancestry-reports/african-ethnolinguistic-groups/"> African ancestry</a>,<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/ancestry-reports/ancestry-composition-update-china/"> Chinese ancestry,</a><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-adds-more-detail-for-indigenous-caribbean-ancestry"> Indigenous Caribbean ancestry,</a><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-adds-more-detail-for-spanish-and-portuguese-ancestry"> Spanish and Portuguese ancestry,</a><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/ancestry-reports/indigenous-genetic-ancestry/"> Indigenous American ancestry</a>, and<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-adds-more-detail-for-customers-with-british-and-irish-ancestry"> British and Irish ancestry</a>.



23andMe customers can see their<a href="https://you.23andme.com/reports/ancestry_composition_hd/"> Ancestry Composition here</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancestry-timeline">Ancestry Timeline</h2>



23andMe&#8217;s ancestry reports sometimes reveal surprises. You might find hidden African or Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, for instance. But 23andMe&#8217;s ancestry reports often augment what many of us already know about our heritage.



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="750" height="1208" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ancestry-Timeline.jpg" alt="An image of 23andMe's Ancestry Timeline Feature on a mobile phone." class="wp-image-33323" style="width:295px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ancestry-Timeline.jpg 750w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ancestry-Timeline-186x300.jpg 186w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ancestry-Timeline-636x1024.jpg 636w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ancestry-Timeline-546x880.jpg 546w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Ancestry-Timeline-733x1180.jpg 733w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" /></figure>



Information gleaned from 23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service can sharply illuminate family lore passed down from those who came before. For instance, the <a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-ancestry/#toc-timeline">Ancestry Timeline feature</a> uses statistical methodologies to estimate how many generations ago your most recent ancestor from a specific population likely lived. The Ancestry Timeline allows customers to go back seven or more generations to discover how their unique ancestral tapestry was woven together.



So, it might indicate how recently your ancestor lived and who had 100 percent Nigerian, Spanish, or Portuguese ancestry. This can sometimes clarify our family histories, offering a more vivid connection to past generations.



In addition, connecting to at least one parent using 23andMe can tell you what ancestry you inherited from your mother and what came from your father. For instance, you can see whether a small percentage of Italian ancestry comes from your mother&#8217;s or your father&#8217;s side.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-family-tree">Family Tree</h2>



23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service also includes a <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/ancestry/a-family-tree/">Family Tree</a> that automatically builds a tree highlighting your close DNA relationships that are part of DNA Relatives.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="195" height="300" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Family-Tree-Mobile-195x300.jpg" alt="An image of 23andMe's Family Tree on a mobile phone." class="wp-image-33291" style="width:286px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Family-Tree-Mobile-195x300.jpg 195w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Family-Tree-Mobile-768x1179.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Family-Tree-Mobile-667x1024.jpg 667w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Family-Tree-Mobile-573x880.jpg 573w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Family-Tree-Mobile-769x1180.jpg 769w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Family-Tree-Mobile.jpg 946w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 195px) 100vw, 195px" /></figure>



Customers can also manually add people who are not 23andMe customers or are not part of 23andMe DNA Relatives. It&#8217;s easy, convenient, and just a click away. To start your Family Tree, opt into DNA Relatives. This allows you to see and be seen by your genetic relatives on 23andMe. Then, the Family Tree’s algorithm populates a tree in one go with your predicted genetic relatives, so you can get a head start figuring out whether cousins and other relatives are on your mom’s or dad’s side of the family.



With an updated algorithm, 23andMe&#8217;s Family Tree predicts connections to your genetic relatives, so you don&#8217;t have to start from scratch. It&#8217;s a simple way for customers to explore their family ties, whether they are relatives they already know about or new ones. The hope is that the tool&#8217;s simplicity will help customers understand different family connections.



The joy of using 23andMe’s Ancestry Service is that it can introduce people to new relatives. With the simple Family Tree feature, you can see how these DNA relatives relate to you and where they are on your Family Tree.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-relatives">DNA Relatives</h2>



23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service connects people.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="957" height="1024" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-957x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-33274" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-957x1024.jpg 957w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-280x300.jpg 280w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-768x822.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-822x880.jpg 822w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_-1102x1180.jpg 1102w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61EhXFDmQL._AC_SL1500_.jpg 1121w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px" /></figure>



Along with discovering more about their heritage, 23andMe offers customers the opportunity to choose to connect with other<a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-ancestry/#toc-family"> customers with whom they share DNA</a>.



<a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-ancestry/#dnarelatives">23andMe&#8217;s DNA Relatives</a> tool looks at overlapping chromosome segments to help customers find or connect with close and distant relatives. For customers who choose to participate in DNA Relatives, it is optional; you must opt in to participate and can opt out of participating at any time. You can use it to help find new relatives in their family or reconnect with cousins.



The tool — which our scientists continue refining and improving— helps customers find new relatives and see how they are genetically connected. DNA Relatives allows customers to sort their relatives based on location, family names, how closely they are related, or the number of DNA segments they share. For DNA Relatives with whom you are sharing, you can also learn more about your genetic relationship by seeing a prediction of how you are related — such as via a second great-grandfather or great-grandmother.&nbsp;&nbsp;



If customers choose to participate in DNA Relatives, they can begin a conversation to learn together about their shared family histories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haplogroups">Haplogroups</h2>



Adding another dimension to those family connections, 23andMe also offers customers a chance to trace their maternal — and, in some cases, paternal — haplogroups.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="396" height="698" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Haplogroup-Image.png" alt="" class="wp-image-33324" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Haplogroup-Image.png 396w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Haplogroup-Image-170x300.png 170w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px" /></figure>



We say ‘some cases’ because the paternal haplogroup report only applies to genetically male people (individuals with a Y chromosome) or females whose close paternal male relatives (such as a father or brother) have tested on 23andMe. This is because paternal haplogroup assignments are made by tracing a person’s Y chromosome, which genetically female people do not inherit. That’s why the paternal haplogroup assignments are only available for some customers.



As our ancestors branched off into groups that migrated first throughout Africa and then out of Africa, genetic variants arose in those diverse groups, allowing us to trace lineages that descended from a common ancestor.



Maternal<a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-and-you/23andmes-updated-maternal-haplogroup-report/"> haplogroups</a>, traced through users’ mitochondrial DNA, follow a customer&#8217;s maternal line and paternal haplogroups follow the path of the paternal line. Those haplogroups can offer customers insight into their place in the human story and, in some cases, meaningful<a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-ancestry/#toc-map"> insight into their heritage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-ancestry-report">Neanderthal Ancestry Report</h2>



23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service doesn&#8217;t just help you add to your family story. It connects you to the human story, including your genetic connection to our ancient human cousins, the Neanderthals.



Even though Neanderthals vanished about 40,000 years ago, their DNA lives on in us. 23andMe’s Neanderthal Ancestry report can show you how much your ancestry traces back to Neanderthals using SNPs across all your autosomes and X chromosome(s).



Looking back can be both fun and enlightening because your DNA offers a biological record that can reveal ancestral connections to a time when modern humans first migrated from Africa and encountered our early human cousins, the Neanderthals.



Using advanced science, our team of population geneticists, engineers, and designers built a fun and engaging feature. The Neanderthal Ancestry Report also shows whether you have more or fewer Neanderthal variants than other 23andMe customers and what traits could be influenced by your Neanderthal DNA variants, such as your likelihood of feeling angry when hungry or “hangry.”



Scientists still uncover what these early connections mean, the traits we may carry because of those encounters, and what other ancient human DNA may still linger in our genome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traits">Traits</h2>



Exploring your DNA offers deeper insight into more than just your ancestral origins and DNA relatives. It can also tell you about different traits that make you, you.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="957" height="1024" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61AULupuf2L._AC_SL1500_-957x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-33276" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61AULupuf2L._AC_SL1500_-957x1024.jpg 957w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61AULupuf2L._AC_SL1500_-280x300.jpg 280w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61AULupuf2L._AC_SL1500_-768x822.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61AULupuf2L._AC_SL1500_-822x880.jpg 822w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61AULupuf2L._AC_SL1500_-1103x1180.jpg 1103w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/61AULupuf2L._AC_SL1500_.jpg 1125w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px" /></figure>



The Ancestry Service includes more than 30 Traits Reports. Our Traits Reports are a fun way to explore how your DNA makes you unique, from your food preferences, like whether you enjoy salty versus sweet snacks, to physical features, like whether you are more or less likely to have cheek dimples, a unibrow, or freckles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-with-23andme-premium-nbsp">More with 23andMe+ Premium&nbsp;</h2>



23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service includes innovative and scientifically robust features, more than 3,500 geographic regions, interactive features and ways to explore your connections to DNA Relatives. 



The Ancestry Service also opens the door to exploring your genetics further. You can seamlessly upgrade to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/">23andMe+ Premium</a>, for more additional ancestry features, like Historical MatchesSM, advanced DNA Relative filters, and access to more DNA Relatives. You get all that as well as more insights into your health.



Are you still waiting to be a customer? Find out more about 23andMe&#8217;s Ancestry Service<a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-ancestry/"> here</a>, or <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/">23andMe+ Premium here.</a>

Explore 23andMe’s Ancestry Service

As our stress and anxiety ramp up, many of us turn to food for solace.



This kind of emotional eating is common. There isn’t a good estimate on the prevalence of emotional eating, but many 23andMe customers who consented to research say they’re “emotional eaters.” Data from the<a href="https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/highlights"> American Psychological Association</a> indicates that about 27 percent of adults in the United States report eating to manage stress often. When stressed, people reach for highly caloric fatty “comfort foods” or sweets.



Why we do this is complicated and involves several factors, including the promotion and availability of junk food or highly caloric food in our society. However, some of the reasons we reach for those foods during times of high emotion or stress have to do with our genetics.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="449" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Diet-Exercise-istock-1024x449.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-27549" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Diet-Exercise-istock-1024x449.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Diet-Exercise-istock-300x132.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Diet-Exercise-istock-768x337.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Diet-Exercise-istock-880x386.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Diet-Exercise-istock-1180x518.jpg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Diet-Exercise-istock.jpg 1545w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-new-emotional-eating-wellness-report">The New Emotional Eating Wellness Report</h2>



23andMe+ Premium’s new Emotional Eating report* calculates one’s genetic likelihood of frequent emotional eating using a statistical model known as polygenic risk scores (PRS). The report uses an individual’s genetic results at many genetic markers, along with their genetic ancestry and birth sex, to estimate the likelihood of frequent emotional eating.&nbsp;



“Many people experience emotional eating from time to time, but when emotional eating becomes extreme, it can be a problem, causing weight gain and potentially contributing to health problems like high cholesterol and diabetes,” said Noura Abul-Husn, MD, PhD, Vice President of Genomic Health at 23andMe. “Knowing a person’s genetic likelihood for experiencing emotional eating can help them identify new strategies early on, like removing unhealthy foods from their pantries or finding enjoyable alternatives like going on a walk. We hope this report can help provide an added resource for those who may experience emotional eating.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-emotional-eating">More About Emotional Eating</h2>



Emotional eating is not a health or mental condition or something that is clinically diagnosed and treated. However,<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904172/"> research</a> has found that mental health conditions, especially depression and anxiety, are major causes of emotional eating.



While emotional eating does not in itself lead to obesity, when the behavior becomes habitual, it is associated with obesity. For some who are using food to satiate an “emotional hunger” due to anxiety or stress, emotional eating makes them feel good at the moment. But it is often followed by guilt, shame, or even feeling physically uncomfortable.



A healthy lifestyle is the primary intervention, but counseling can also be essential to controlling emotional eating when it becomes a problem. Removing hard-to-resist food and understanding when reaching for food because of stress instead of hunger are good first steps to controlling emotional eating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learn-more">Learn More</h2>



The Emotional Eating PRS report was developed by 23andMe scientists and clinical experts using data from 23andMe’s customers who consented to participate in research.



A published<a href="https://permalinks.23andme.com/pdf/23_25-PRSMethodology.pdf"> white paper </a>fully details the science and methodology behind 23andMe’s PRS technology. While genetic factors may play a role, they do not account for all factors that could impact a person’s likelihood of experiencing emotional eating.



To learn more about the new Emotional Eating report and how to become a 23andMe+ Premium member, visit:<a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/"> https://www.23andme.com/membership/</a>.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



* The 23andMe Emotional Eating PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 2,000 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of developing emotional eating. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Emotional Eating PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.

The Genetics of Emotional Eating: Understanding Stress-Fueled Food Cravings

Your health isn&#8217;t about one test, one exam, or one doctor&#8217;s visit. Your health is the sum total of all that you do, all that you experience, all that you inherit, and all that makes you, you.



With that in mind, we created our most comprehensive offering yet. <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/?utm_source=23andme&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=US_th_brand_prs">23andMe+ Total Health&#8482;</a> is a longevity platform with the tools necessary to age to your fullest potential. With exome sequencing, blood biomarker analysis, Biological Age, and expert clinician oversight — Total Health helps you architect your healthiest life. It offers personalized, preventive care that is largely unavailable in today’s traditional healthcare system.



“Longevity isn’t about living more years,” said Noura Abul-Husn, MD, Ph.D. and Vice President of Genomic Health at 23andMe. “It’s about living more healthy years. And the key to doing that is within us.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-actionable-exome-sequencing">Actionable Exome Sequencing</h2>



Total Health begins with clinician-ordered exome sequencing* and interpretation of 100+ genes linked to more than 55 health conditions, including various types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic, kidney, and neurological conditions. These include genes deemed the most &#8216;medically actionable&#8217; by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. The information from exome sequencing can be used for early detection or clinical interventions to help prevent or manage these conditions.



For most of 23andMe&#8217;s offerings, we use genotyping, a very efficient, fast, and accurate way to look at specific spots in the genome where differences influence health risks** and traits. In contrast, exome sequencing looks at the full sequence of sections of DNA. You can sequence a short piece, the entire genome, or parts of it, like the &#8220;exome.&#8221; The exome is the portion of the genome that provides the blueprint for protein creation and contains most of the known genetic variants that cause disease.&nbsp;



With exome sequencing, Total Health analyzes 200x more disease-causing variants than genotyping.**** These conditions are missed in traditional clinical settings and may be preventable with early detection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-don-t-guess-test-with-biannual-blood-labs">Don’t Guess, Test with Biannual Blood Labs</h2>



Pairing genetic information with biannual blood testing gives Total Health members dynamic biomarker data to track changes over time. Without that kind of tracking, you&#8217;re often left guessing whether the actions you take have an impact. What’s more, with 70 percent of clinical decisions relying on blood tests and lab data, according to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dls/strengthening-clinical-labs.html">Centers for Disease Control Division of Laboratory Systems</a>, it’s more important than ever to get it right.&nbsp;



Total Health&#8217;s blood panels examine more than 55 different biomarkers. These panels offer insight into blood sugar and cholesterol changes and look at kidney, liver, and thyroid function. For example, Total Health members learn their lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels, which are rarely tested cholesterol markers related to heart disease. The labs also look at such things as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which is crucial in determining one&#8217;s risk of diabetes. Other biomarkers are analyzed to examine lipids, liver enzymes, electrolytes, and blood cells.



By including these tests twice yearly, Total Health members can track results and see leading indicators for cardiovascular disease, metabolic conditions, and more.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-age-age-with-health">Biological Age: Age with Health</h2>



Your chronological or calendar age doesn&#8217;t necessarily reflect your body&#8217;s true health state, which is at the heart of Total Health’s Biological Age feature. A critical component in understanding longevity, Biological Age reveals your “true” age based on how your body functions.



Total Health members can use this feature to calculate their biological age using blood-based biomarkers. This feature reveals your age based on how your body functions, offering opportunities to take healthy actions. While you can&#8217;t change your birthdate, you can take steps to lower your biological age. Biannual blood tests, part of Total Health, help track that progress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-total-health-with-a-clinician-by-your-side">Total Health with a Clinician by Your Side</h2>



Genetics provides the foundation for Total Health, and blood biomarkers and Biological Age add dynamic data to gauge current health progress. To maximize the effectiveness of this sophisticated health data, clinicians trained in genetics-informed care guide members on their health journey.



Total Health clinicians create an actionable health plan based on each member’s unique results and deliver it via in-depth virtual consultation. These clinicians can also be reached at any time via direct messaging.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-total-health-and-much-more">Total Health and Much More</h2>



Along with exome sequencing, blood biomarker analysis, Biological Age, and access to specially trained clinicians, Total Health members also have complete access to all health and ancestry reports, including 23andMe+ Premium&#8217;s advanced features and FDA-authorized health reports**. 



This includes access to pharmacogenetics reports, which analyze how genetics may impact the processing of certain medications*****. In addition, Total Health members receive polygenic risk score reports***, which use proprietary statistical models developed by 23andMe scientists to calculate the likelihood of developing breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer and other conditions such as high blood pressure, asthma, and anxiety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-23-chromosome-pairs-55-blood-biomarkers-200x-more-answers">23 Chromosome Pairs, 55 Blood Biomarkers, 200x More Answers</h2>



In 2023, 23andMe launched Total Health as the first of its health memberships to provide comprehensive health analysis. This month, we’re launching a refreshed Total Health with full capabilities and an easy upgrade path for current U.S. customers tested on our <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/218392668-Upgrading-to-23andMe-s-Newest-Chip-Version">V5 genotyping chip</a>. Learn more about longevity with Total Health <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/?utm_source=23andme&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=US_th_brand_prs">here</a>.



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* Exome Sequencing and blood testing services are available to eligible customers upon completion of the intake questionnaire, which must be reviewed, approved, and ordered by a third-party clinician. Exome Sequencing is analyzed by a CLIA—and CAP-accredited laboratory. Blood testing is completed by Quest Diagnostics. All telehealth services are provided under the Telehealth Terms and Consent to Telehealth.



** The 23andMe PGS test includes health predisposition and carrier status reports. Health predisposition reports include reports that meet FDA requirements for genetic health risks and reports based on 23andMe research and have not been reviewed by the FDA. The test uses qualitative genotyping to detect select clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva to report and interpret genetic health risks and report carrier status. It is not intended to diagnose any disease. Your ethnicity may affect the relevance of each report and how your genetic health risk results are interpreted. Each genetic health risk report describes if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing a disease but does not describe a person’s overall risk of developing the disease. The test is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication, how much of a medication you should take, or determine any treatment. Our carrier status reports can be used to determine carrier status but cannot determine if you have two copies of any genetic variant. These carrier reports are not intended to tell you anything about your risk for developing a disease in the future, the health of your fetus, or your newborn child&#8217;s risk of developing a particular disease later in life. For certain conditions, we provide a single report that includes information on both carrier status and genetic health risk. Results should be confirmed in a clinical setting before taking any medical action. For important information and limitations regarding each genetic health risk and carrier status report, visit <a href="http://23andme.com/test-info/">23andme.com/test-info/</a>



*** The 23andMe PRS reports are based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research and incorporates thousands of genetic variants to describe if a person has a certain likelihood of developing a condition but does not describe a person’s overall likelihood. The PRS reports do not account for lifestyle or family history and have not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The PRS reports are not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.



Our SLCO1B1 Pharmacogenetics report provides certain information about variants associated with the processing of some therapeutics and provides interpretive drug information regarding the potential effect of simvastatin therapy. Our DPYD Pharmacogenetics report does not describe the association between detected variants and any specific therapeutic. Results for&nbsp; DPYD and certain CYP2C19 results should be confirmed by an independent genetic test prescribed by your own healthcare provider before taking any medical action.&nbsp; Warning: Test information should not be used to start, stop, or change any course of treatment and does not test for all possible variants that may affect metabolism or protein function. The PGS test is not a substitute for visits to a healthcare professional. Making changes to your current regimen can lead to harmful side effects or reduced intended benefits of your medication, therefore consult with your healthcare professional before taking any medical action. For important information and limitations regarding Pharmacogenetic reports, visit <a href="http://www.23andme.com/test-info">www.23andme.com/test-info</a>.



****Our genotyping product detects 250 health-related variants in our Carrier Status and Genetic Health Risk reports. The Exome Sequencing reports detect 50,000+ hereditary disease-causing variants.



*****23andMe PGS Pharmacogenetics reports: The 23andMe test uses qualitative genotyping to detect 3 variants in the CYP2C19 gene, 2 variants in the DPYD gene, and 1 variant in the SLCO1B1 gene in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva to report and interpret information about the processing of certain therapeutics to inform discussions with a healthcare professional. It does not describe if a person will or will not respond to a particular therapeutic. Our CYP2C19 Pharmacogenetics report provides certain information about variants associated with the metabolism of some therapeutics and provides interpretive drug information regarding the potential effect of citalopram and clopidogrel therapy.

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