{"cache":{"posts_f30bc_4f2f3":{"__typename":"RootQueryToPostConnection","nodes":[{"__typename":"Post","id":"cG9zdDoyMzg4Mg==","databaseId":23882,"featuredImage":null,"author":null,"date":"2016-04-28T09:03:23","uri":"/articles/the-genetics-of-twinning","title_b28e9_bf21a":"The Genetics of Twinning","slug":"the-genetics-of-twinning","categories_3cd3e_bf21a":{"__typename":"PostToCategoryConnection","edges":[{"__typename":"PostToCategoryConnectionEdge","node":{"__typename":"Category","id":"dGVybToxMzQ0","name":"Research","slug":"23andme-research","uri":"/category/23andme-research","seo":{"__typename":"TaxonomySEO","title":"Ancestry Service Archives - 23andMe Blog","opengraphTitle":"Ancestry Service Archives","metaDesc":"23andMe offers the most comprehensive genetic ancestry service on the market. See how your DNA connects you to people and places around the world.","opengraphDescription":"23andMe offers the most comprehensive genetic ancestry service on the market. See how your DNA connects you to people and places around the world.","fullHead":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\n\n\n\n"}}}]},"imageOptions":{"__typename":"Post_Imageoptions","featuredImageSquare":{"__typename":"MediaItem","id":"cG9zdDoyOTc=","mediaDetails":{"__typename":"MediaDetails","sizes_cad4b_bf21a":[{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"thumbnail","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-150x150.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"medium","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-300x225.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"medium_large","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-768x576.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"large","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-1024x767.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"larger","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-880x660.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"largest","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-1180x884.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"square_sm","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-271x271.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"square_md","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-372x372.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"square_lg","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-574x574.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"square_xl","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-980x980.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"wide_sm","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-271x149.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"wide_md","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-372x204.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"wide_lg","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-574x315.jpg"},{"__typename":"MediaSize","name":"wide_xl","sourceUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins-980x539.jpg"}],"height":1023,"width":1365},"mediaItemUrl":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins.jpg","sourceUrl_772ce_bf21a":"https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/lego-twins.jpg"},"singleTemplateFeaturedImage":"default"},"content_b28e9_bf21a":"

An international team of scientists has identified two genetic variants that influence the odds of a mother having natural fraternal, non-identical, twins.

$\"Hamdi$

Hamdi Mbarek

Fertility

The findings also offer more insight into female fertility and ovarian function as one of the variants is near a gene called FSHB that plays a role in the onset of puberty in girls, age of menopause, and risk for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a leading cause of infertility.

The findings, published in The American Journal of Human Genetics could have important clinical value for treatment of female infertility, including hormonal stimulation for ovarian production, which is commonly used for In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). They might also help clinicians identify women who are more likely to have twins or triplets while undergoing IVF.

The authors of the paper said the study will have “important implications for human fertility, including improved outcome prediction and novel avenues of fertility treatment.”

Maternal Genetics and Twins

Although it has long been established that there was a maternal genetic component to non-identical twinning, this is the first time that scientists have identified the possible genes involved.

About 1-to-4 percent of babies born is a fraternal, or dizygotic, twin. However, a mother with one of the variants identified in this study increases her odds of naturally having multiples by 9-to-18 percent, according to the study. The increase goes up to 27 percent if she has one of each variants.

This type of “twinning” occurs when more than one egg is released in a woman’s cycle and fertilized. Identical, or monozygotic, twins are much rarer, accounting for just a quarter of all twin births. Research has not shown that having identical twins is influenced by genetics. $\"\"$

The Role of Hormones

Hamdi Mbarek and Dorret Boomsma from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam lead the international team. The researchers identified one genetic variant located near the FSHB gene that encodes a portion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The FSH hormone is important for the menstrual cycle and egg production in women. This variant was also associated with higher FSH levels. Higher FSH levels is associated with earlier age at menarche and menopause, earlier age at first child and last child, increased number of children, and decreased risk for PCOS.

The second genetic variant identified in this study is located in a gene called SMAD3. The authors speculate SMAD3 may influence how the ovaries respond to the FSH hormone.

For their research the scientists conducted a genome-wide association study using data from 1,980 mothers of natural fraternal twins. They used additional data from about 13,000 mothers of non-twins from cohorts in the United States, Australia and the Netherlands. Most of the data was from a large Icelandic cohort assembled by the company DeCODE.

The findings were also replicated using data from another 300,000 cases and controls from DeCODE.

Data from 23andMe’s study on the onset of puberty in women was used in this research. The study also included data from another study on the genetic associations with PCOS. All together those studies included data from more than 160,000 female 23andMe customers who consented to research.

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Twins have long fascinated us as humans, so much so that twin stories are ingrained in the mythology of almost every culture.

Beyond folklore, the study of twins has also become the bedrock for much of what we know about the genetics of traits, diseases, and other conditions.
\n\n

\nFor scientists, twins offer a ready-made test of nature and nurture, with their paired roles influencing everything from height to disease risk to intelligence. Looking at the similarities and differences shared between fraternal twins and identical twins has brought into sharp relief some of what can be explained through genetics and what can be explained from the environment.
\n\n

\nWhen we look at identical twins, we often are drawn more to their similarities than their differences, but the differences can often be just as illuminating.
\n\n
\n\nLast year, a meta-analysis of more than 50 years of twin research—which included studies on more than 14.5 million pairs of twins—estimated that the influence of genes and the environment across all traits is about equal.
\n\n

\nTwins can be identical (monozygotic) or fraternal (dizygotic), but there are several other different types, including half-identical, mirror twins, and fraternal twins from different fathers (it happens). The rate of twin births has actually increased in the last 30 years, going from about 2 percent of all births to more than 3 percent.

Some of this may have to do with fertility treatment, and some might be related to women having children later in life. Older women are more likely to have twins than younger women.

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Some of us are just tastier, or at least to mosquitoes.

Just in time for summer, a new study of twins by researchers at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, found that genetics may play a role in why some of us get bit more often by mosquitoes than others.\n

\nBeyond being the bane of summer evening barbeques, mosquitoes also spread deadly diseases like malaria and dengue fever. This kind of research could help in efforts to protect those most vulnerable, according to the researchers.

“By investigating the genetic mechanism behind attractiveness to biting insects such as mosquitoes we can move closer to using this knowledge for better ways of keeping us safe from bites and the diseases insects can spread through bites,” said coauthor James Logan, a medical entomologist at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

To test what makes two people more or less attractive to mosquitoes the researchers unleashed dozens of the bugs on both identical and non-identical twins.

The researchers didn’t actually allow the mosquitoes to bite the participants, merely smell them. The researchers used something called a “Y-tube olfactometer,” which allowed mosquitoes to fly down one chamber or another in choosing between two people based on their body odor. The participants were also asked to avoid alcohol, garlic, and other strongly spiced foods for 24 hours prior to the test to ensure those strong smelling foods didn’t play a role.\n

\nThe mosquitoes showed no preference in the case of identical twins – who are genetically identical. But in the case of the non-identical twins they clearly picked one twin over the other.

“Twins that were identical were very similar in their level of attractiveness to mosquitoes, and twins that were [not identical] were very different in their level of attractiveness,” Logan told National Public Radio.

The researchers concluded that the test suggested that there is a genetic trait for being “attractive” or “unattractive” to mosquitoes.

This isn’t the first time scientists have delved into the realm of bug bite genetics.

Not long ago, researchers here at 23andMe looked at the genetics behind the different reactions people had to mosquito bites, finding an association between different genotypes on the SNP , which is on chromosome 4. People of European ancestry who are AA at that SNP are more likely to have larger bites. Those who are AC have average size bites, while those who are CC have smaller bites.\n

\nOverall about 41 percent of customers who’ve consented to research and responded to the survey said they get bit more often than others and 30 percent said when they were bit the bites were bigger and itched more than in other people.

The focus of research on the pests could help stop the spread of disease.\n

\n“If we understand the genetic basis for variation between individuals it could be possible to develop better ways to control mosquitoes, and develop new ways to repel them,” said Logan. “In the future we may even be able to take a pill which will enhance the production of natural repellents by the body and ultimately replace skin lotions.”

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