Thanks to everyone who visited our <a href="https://research.23andme.com/collaborate/">collaboration</a> workshop, talks, posters, and booth at the annual meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics.
Being able to interact with other members of the genomics community at ASHG, and hear your feedback about 23andMe is what makes this conference so special. Getting a <a href="https://www.genomeweb.com/business-policy-funding/ashg-bill-gates-and-francis-collins-discuss-global-health-and-genetics">shout out</a> from Bill Gates wasn’t too shabby either.
If you weren&#8217;t able to attend or simply ran out of time at this jam-packed event, we&#8217;ve made available pdfs of the presentations available below.
<div id="attachment_25815" style="width: 660px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25815" class="wp-image-25815 size-full" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Population-Specific-Reference-Panel.jpg" alt="" width="650" height="843" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Population-Specific-Reference-Panel.jpg 650w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Population-Specific-Reference-Panel-231x300.jpg 231w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px" /><a href="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/23andMe_ASHG_2017_Aaron.pdf">Human knockouts in the Ashkenazi Jewish population</a></div>
<div id="attachment_25814" style="width: 660px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25814" class="wp-image-25814 size-full" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cognitive-Assessment.jpg" alt="" width="650" height="843" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cognitive-Assessment.jpg 650w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cognitive-Assessment-231x300.jpg 231w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px" /><a href="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/23andMe_ASHG_2017_Olga.pdf">Performance on online cognitive assessments is correlated with individual characteristics in 23andMe customers</a></div>
<div id="attachment_25816" style="width: 660px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25816" class="wp-image-25816 size-full" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Tipping-the-Scales.jpg" alt="" width="650" height="842" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Tipping-the-Scales.jpg 650w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Tipping-the-Scales-232x300.jpg 232w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px" /><a href="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/23andMe_ASHG_2017_Sarah.pdf">Tipping the scales: Participants make healthy dietary changes in response to direct-to-consumer genetic test results</a></div>
<div id="attachment_25813" style="width: 659px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25813" class="wp-image-25813 size-full" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Clonal-Hematopoiesis.jpg" alt="" width="649" height="838" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Clonal-Hematopoiesis.jpg 649w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Clonal-Hematopoiesis-232x300.jpg 232w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px" /><a href="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/23andMe_ASHG_2017_Chao.pdf">Clonal Hematopoiesis: genetic and phenotypic associations in the general population</a></div>
<div id="attachment_25812" style="width: 656px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25812" class="wp-image-25812 size-full" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/African-Genetics-Project.jpg" alt="" width="646" height="841" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/African-Genetics-Project.jpg 646w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/African-Genetics-Project-230x300.jpg 230w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px" /><a href="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/23andMe_ASHG_2017_Meghan.pdf">A web-based initiative to accelerate research on African ancestry in the Americas </a></div>
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-25955 size-large" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.39.22-PM-1024x508.png" alt="" width="1024" height="508" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.39.22-PM-1024x508.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.39.22-PM-300x149.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.39.22-PM-768x381.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.39.22-PM-880x436.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.39.22-PM-1180x585.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.39.22-PM.png 1996w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-25956" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.42.05-PM-1024x521.png" alt="" width="1024" height="521" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.42.05-PM-1024x521.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.42.05-PM-300x153.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.42.05-PM-768x391.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.42.05-PM-880x448.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.42.05-PM-1180x601.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2018-01-04-at-3.42.05-PM.png 1776w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" />

23andMe Blog

23andMe Blog Team

23andMe’s Posters at ASHG 2017

By Erica Bellman
If you’re familiar with 23andMe’s products, you know there are currently two options for how customers can receive results: <a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-ancestry/">Ancestry only</a>, or
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25799 size-medium" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Map-of-India-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Map-of-India-300x200.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Map-of-India-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Map-of-India-768x513.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Map-of-India-880x587.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Map-of-India-1180x788.jpg 1180w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />
both <a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-health-ancestry/">Ancestry and Health</a>. On the surface, these two categories might seem unrelated, but when it comes to the science, ancestry and health are intrinsically linked, and knowledge of one may provide vital information about the other.
<h6>Heritable Disorders</h6>
A <a href="https://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v49/n9/full/ng.3953.html?foxtrotcallback=true">recent article</a> in Nature illuminates this connection. The piece looks at how recent studies of certain South Asian populations’ ancestral origins have spurred important insights about recessive heritable disorders.
To understand why the South Asian studies could be so fruitful for genetic health research, it’s crucial to understand the so-called “founder effect.” In essence, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population emerges from a very small number of individuals (or founders) — who are isolated by geography or culture, for example — from a larger population.
Throughout South Asia’s “mosaic” of populations, a prominent demographic pattern has been for individuals to marry within their communities. One of the results of this pattern is the higher-than-typical frequency of certain of genetic variants that can cause recessive disorders, which in turn makes those variants easier to detect, screen for, and ultimately prevent.

<h6>Founder Populations</h6>
It’s important to note that this certainly isn’t the first time scientists have identified health implications for a population descended from founders. For example, individuals of <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/ashkenazi-ancestry-and-health">Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry</a> were vital in improving our understanding of Tay-Sachs disease. The Finnish people have been studied due to their genetic uniformity and the occurrence of hereditary diseases such as congenital <a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1500/congenital-nephrotic-syndrome-finnish-type">nephrosis</a>, a kidney disease.
By continuing to study recessive disorders in founder populations, geneticists will be able to identify variants in the same deleterious gene in other populations. This helps to better understand the biology of the conditions, and develop potential treatments.
“If we know people of a certain ancestry have the same disease, we’re able to locate the regions of their genome where their ancestral background may overlap,” said Kimberly McManus, a population geneticist on 23andMe’s Research and Development team. “These sites can be informative, because they’re potential segments that may be causing or influencing the disease.”
<h6>More Data</h6>
Right now, one of the biggest hurdles to advancement in ancestry-inspired health research is the relative lack of genetic samples obtained from founder populations. Populations in South Asia, Africa and East Asia hold some of the richest genetic diversity in the world. However, they’ve historically been the least studied.
“Until a few years ago, more than 90% of genetic studies were based on individuals of European descent,&#8221; Kimberly said. &#8220;(This was) primarily due to the lack of available data from diverse populations.”
But some research-driven organizations are implementing programs that could significantly increase the diversity of the data available for study.
<h6>African Genetics</h6>
For 23andMe’s <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/the-african-genetics-project/">African Genetics Project,</a> the company distributed free kits to people of underrepresented populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim is to better serve those communities and customers who might have ancestral ties there.
“The benefits of increasing our sample sizes from these populations will be twofold,” Kimberly said. “It will allow people from these populations to better understand their ancestry. And it will allow researchers to investigate genetic health risks in these populations, as the genetics may be slightly different than in other populations.”
These new horizons for research and increased diversity of genetic samples. They present exciting possibilities for health breakthroughs. However, genetic similarities between populations around the world far outweigh the differences.
“Ancestry-inspired health is very important,&#8221; Kimberly said. &#8220;But it’s also important to remember that the vast, vast majority of variants are shared between all populations.  Sequencing genomes of understudied groups can just be useful in better understanding some of the health traits shared among these populations.”

Erica Bellman

Ancestry-inspired genetic health and understudied populations

Over the last decade, more and more people have embraced a gluten-free diet, but their motivations often differ.

Some of these people might have wheat allergies or gluten intolerance. But a small percentage of people have a condition called <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/celiac-disease">celiac disease.</a> For someone with celiac disease gluten triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine. This can affect the absorption of nutrients and lead to painful digestive problems.

<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Celiac_1-1024x535.png" alt="" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-25801" width="1024" height="535" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Celiac_1-1024x535.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Celiac_1-300x157.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Celiac_1-768x401.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Celiac_1-880x460.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Celiac_1-1180x617.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Celiac_1.png 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" />
&nbsp;
<h6>New 23andMe Report on Celiac Disease</h6>
This week 23andMe released a new genetic health risk report on celiac disease.*  The new report looks at two genetic variants — rs2187668 and rs7454108 — that are linked to the HLA-DQ2.5 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes associated with higher risk for celiac. 
A haplotype is a group of genes inherited together from a single parent. People with one or both of these two haplotypes account for about 95 percent of all of celiac disease cases. So if you have celiac disease, it’s likely you have one of these variants. 
But it’s important to note that having one of these variants doesn’t mean you will develop celiac disease. Although 15 to 30 percent of all people have one of these risk variants, only about 3 percent of people with one of these variants develop celiac disease. If you don’t have one of these haplotypes it is very unlikely that you will develop celiac disease.
<h6>A Gluten-Free Diet</h6>
But knowing you have one of these variants can be important especially for those who believe they have symptoms or additional risk factors. If they learn they have at least one of the risk variants, the report could help them follow-up with a doctor. A doctor  may recommend more rigorous screening. For most people with celiac disease, the most effective treatment is adhering to a completely gluten-free diet. This can help alleviate symptoms and allow the small intestine to heal.

It’s possible to have gluten sensitivity and not have celiac disease. This report does not cover non-celiac disease gluten sensitivity. 23andMe doesn’t currently have reports on food allergies or other sensitivities to gluten.

23andMe&#8217;s Celiac Disease report adds to a growing list of valuable and actionable <a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-health-ancestry">genetic health risk reports</a> we offer customers. 

*The Celiac Disease genetic health risk report (i) is indicated for reporting of the rs2187668 variant in the HLA-DQA1 gene, which tags the HLA-DQ2.5 haplotype; and the rs7454108 variant near the HLA-DQB1 gene, which tags the HLA-DQ8 haplotype, (ii) describes if a person has variants associated with an increased risk of developing celiac disease, and (iii) is most relevant for people of European descent.

New 23andMe Report on Celiac Disease

In the largest study of its kind, an international team of researchers identified new genetic variants associated with restless legs syndrome.
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25795 size-medium" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-831812340-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-831812340-300x200.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-831812340-768x512.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-831812340-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-831812340-880x587.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-831812340-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-831812340.jpg 1254w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />
Published in the journal Lancet Neurology, <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(17)30327-7/fulltext">the study</a> also identified underlying biological pathways for the condition, pointing researchers to possible drug targets for treatment.
“Restless legs syndrome is surprisingly common, but despite this, we know little about what causes it – and hence how to treat it,” said Dr. Steven Bell from the Department of Public Health and Primary Care at the <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/restless-legs-syndrome-study-identifies-13-new-genetic-risk-variants">University of Cambridge</a>, and one of the lead authors of the study.
Characterized by an unpleasant urge to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/wellness/sleep-movement/">move the legs</a> usually during inactivity, the condition is chronic and can disrupt sleep and impact a person’s long-term wellbeing. It affects as many as 10 percent of the people with European ancestry, and, according to researchers, it can lead to an increased risk for depression, anxiety, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Although past studies identified a strong genetic link to the condition, this study, the largest conducted so far, identified 13 genetic variants newly associated with the condition and replicated six other previously identified associations. This study was far larger than previous genome wide association studies into the condition, using data from more than 110,000 people who were part of three different study groups, more than half of those were 23andMe customers who consented to participate in research. The findings were then replicated in a separate data set.
The new genetic variants identified in this study are on or near genes involved in changes in the formation of neuronal circuits as well as the growth and development of nerve cells, a process known as as neurogenesis.
“We are convinced that the newly discovered risk loci will contribute substantially to our understanding of the causal biology of the disease,” said Dr. Barbara Schormair, of the Institute of Neurogenomics at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, who co-authored the paper.
The researchers also noted that the drug thalidomide targets the interaction of one genes, MEIS2, which is involved in this process. Thalidomide, a sedative developed in Germany in the 1950s, was implicated in severe birth defects. No longer prescribed to women in childbearing years, and only approved by the FDA under what is called Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, the drug is currently used to treat multiple myeloma.
“The genetic risk variants that we’ve discovered add more weight to the idea that this condition is related to the development of our nervous system,” said Dr. Emanuele Di Angelantonio, another researcher on this study from the University of Cambridge. “It also gives us some clues to how we may treat patients affected by the condition.”
Find the full study at <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(17)30327-7/fulltext">Lancet Neurology</a>.

New associations found for restless legs syndrome

This week the 23andMe Research Team joins over 6,500 fellow scientists in sharing our research at the American Society of Human Genetics annual meeting in Orlando. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/23andMe_Logo-1-300x198.jpg" alt="" class="alignright wp-image-25534 size-medium" height="198" width="300" />
One of the most exciting parts of these conferences is geeking out on the rapid growth of genomics datasets in recent years and daydreaming about what you could do with all that sweet, sweet data.
The 23andMe database is no exception. Approximately 85 percent of our 2 million+ customers consent to participate in research and have collectively answered more than 700 million survey questions. Such a powerful dataset has led to 80+ successful collaborations and publications, including new insights into <a href="https://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v49/n10/full/ng.3955.html">Parkinson’s Disease</a>, <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1612665">spontaneous preterm birth</a>, and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00257-5">susceptibility to common infections</a>. But unlike other studies, we have the unique ability to re-contact our cohort to ask additional questions and investigate new phenotypes.
So to have a bit of fun this week, we’re turning it over to you, ASHG 2017 attendees: 
What question would you ask 23andMe research participants for analysis in a new GWAS? 
Our favorite three entries will receive a free 23andMe Health + Ancestry Service Kit!
<h5>How it works:</h5>
<ol>
<li>Attend the American Society of Human Genetics 2017 annual meeting.</li>
<li>Follow the <a href="https://twitter.com/23andmeresearch">@23andMeResearch</a> Twitter account</li>
<li>Tweet at <a href="https://twitter.com/23andmeresearch">@23andMeResearch</a> with your answer to the following: “What question would you ask 23andMe research participants for analysis in a new GWAS?” Up to 5 entries allowed per person.</li>
<li>Entries must be received between 10 am EDT on Monday, October 16th, and 6 pm EDT on Thursday, October 19th to be considered.</li>
<li>Three winners will be selected by members of the 23andMe Research Team based on the originality and scientific merit of their entries and will be announced during the ASHG17 Tweetup on October 19th.</li>
<li>Winners must be following @23andMeResearch at the time of selection and may be asked to provide proof of ASHG attendance. Valid proof includes, but is not limited to, their name appearing on the conference schedule, a photo of their conference badge, a registration confirmation email, etc.</li>
<li>Winners will receive one gift code to order a 23andMe Health + Ancestry Service Kit online at <a href="https://www.23andme.com">www.23andMe.com</a>. </li>
</ol>

A full description of the Official Contest Rules can be found <a href="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/@23andMeResearch-ASHG-2017-Twitter-Contest-Official-Rules-6.25.17_final.pdf">here</a>.

We’re happy to have a chance to give back to the genomics community. Good luck with your brainstorming!

A image of double helix showing a variant

ASHG Contest: What would YOU ask?

The annual meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics kicks off in Orlando this October, <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25526 size-medium" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Logo_with_Register_CMYK-1-300x196.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="196" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Logo_with_Register_CMYK-1-300x196.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Logo_with_Register_CMYK-1.jpg 400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />packed with five days of seminars, panel discussions, talks, and presentations that are all part of an event that might best be described as the Coachella (or Woodstock if you prefer) of genetics.
This year&#8217;s main event, the “Presidential Symposium,” will be a conversation on global health issues with Microsoft co-founder<a href="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Executive-Leadership-Team/Bill-Gates"> Bill Gates</a>, who now co-chairs the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, and<a href="https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/biographical-sketch-francis-s-collins-md-phd"> Francis Collins</a>, the director of the National Institutes of Health.
But highlighting just one of the hundreds of talks during the week risks ignoring dozens of equally arresting subjects that will be part of this yearly event—gene editing, genetic education, and a slew of new genetic research.
Like in past years, 23andMe’s research team and its research will be well represented, but we’ll also be hosting a workshop about our research collaborations and <a href="https://twitter.com/23andmeresearch">live-tweeting from the meeting</a>. We have a few fun surprises while we’re in Orlando.
Here is a list of 23andMe’s involvement at ASHG:
<h5>Educational Event</h5>
GWAS and Beyond: Academic Collaborations with 23andMe
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25740 size-thumbnail" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/©Piter2016-23andMe-AdamAuton-066-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/©Piter2016-23andMe-AdamAuton-066-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/©Piter2016-23andMe-AdamAuton-066-271x271.jpg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/©Piter2016-23andMe-AdamAuton-066-372x372.jpg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/©Piter2016-23andMe-AdamAuton-066-574x574.jpg 574w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/©Piter2016-23andMe-AdamAuton-066-980x980.jpg 980w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />
<ul>
<li>Adam Auton, D.Phil. (23andMe): Introduction to 23andMe research and collaborations</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/people/john-perry/">John Perry</a>, Ph.D. (University of Cambridge): Using population genetics to understand the etiology of reproductive health and biological aging</li>
<li><a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~alicesw/">Alice S. Whittemore</a>, Ph.D. and Nilah Monnier Ioannidis, Ph.D. (Stanford University): Collaborations with 23andMe on the genetic basis of cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC)</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 18, 12:30 pm &#8211; 1:45 pm</li>
<li>Location: Lake Eola &#8211; Lobby Level/Hilton Orlando Hotel</li>
</ul>
<h5>Talks</h5>
Large-scale identity-by-descent mapping discovers rare haplotypes of large effect
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25741 size-thumbnail" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Suyash-Shringapure-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Suyash-Shringapure-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Suyash-Shringapure-271x271.jpg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Suyash-Shringapure-372x372.jpg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Suyash-Shringapure-574x574.jpg 574w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Suyash-Shringapure-980x980.jpg 980w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />
<ul>
<li>Presenter: Suyash Shringarpure, Ph.D., Senior Statistical Geneticist</li>
<li>Author(s): S. Shringarpure; D. Hinds; V. Vacic; 23andMe Research Team</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 19, 10:15 am – 10:30 am</li>
<li>Location: Room 330A &#8211; Level 3/Convention Center</li>
</ul>
GWAS of canker sores implicates Th-1 pathway and shared genetic architecture with immune-mediated disease
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25500 size-thumbnail" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FahSathirapongsasuti-Preferred-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FahSathirapongsasuti-Preferred-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FahSathirapongsasuti-Preferred-271x271.jpg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FahSathirapongsasuti-Preferred-372x372.jpg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FahSathirapongsasuti-Preferred-574x574.jpg 574w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FahSathirapongsasuti-Preferred-980x980.jpg 980w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />
<ul>
<li>Presenter: Fah Sathirapongsasuti, Ph.D., Senior Computational Biologist</li>
<li>Author(s): F. Sathirapongsasuti; S. Pitts; D. Hinds; V. Vacic; R. Gentleman; the 23andMe Research Team</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 19, 11:45 am – 12 pm</li>
<li>Location: Room 220F &#8211; Level2/Convention Center</li>
</ul>
<h5>Posters</h5>
All posters can be found in the Exhibit Hall on Level 1 of the Convention Center
Tipping the scales: Participants make healthy dietary changes in response to direct-to-consumer genetic test results
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25742 size-thumbnail" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sarah-photo-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sarah-photo-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sarah-photo-271x271.jpg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sarah-photo-372x372.jpg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sarah-photo-574x574.jpg 574w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />
<ul>
<li>Presenter: Sarah Laskey, Ph.D., Health R&amp;D Scientist</li>
<li>Author(s): S.B. Laskey; J.F. Shelton; M. Johnson; C. Wilson; R. Smith; B.L. Koelsch; The 23andMe Research Team</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 18, 3pm &#8211; 4 pm</li>
</ul>
Clonal Hematopoiesis: genetic and phenotypic associations in the general population
<div id="attachment_20934" style="width: 160px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-20934" class="wp-image-20934 size-thumbnail" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-150x150.jpeg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-150x150.jpeg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-300x300.jpeg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-768x769.jpeg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-1024x1024.jpeg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-880x880.jpeg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-1180x1180.jpeg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-271x271.jpeg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-372x372.jpeg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-574x574.jpeg 574w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Chao-Square-Photo-980x980.jpeg 980w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />Chao Tian</div>
<ul>
<li>Presenter: Chao Tian, Ph.D., Senior Statistical Geneticist</li>
<li>Author(s): C. Tian; P. Fontanillas; J. Tung; D. Hinds; the 23andMe Research Team</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 18, 3 pm – 4 pm</li>
</ul>
Minds, genes, and machines: Performance on online cognitive assessments is correlated with individual characteristics in 23andMe customers
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-25743 size-thumbnail alignright" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/OlgaSazonova-preferred-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/OlgaSazonova-preferred-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/OlgaSazonova-preferred-271x271.jpg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/OlgaSazonova-preferred-372x372.jpg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/OlgaSazonova-preferred-574x574.jpg 574w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/OlgaSazonova-preferred-980x980.jpg 980w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />
<ul>
<li>Presenter: Olga Sazonova, Ph.D., Senior Computational Biologist</li>
<li>Author(s): O.V. Sazonova; L. Germine; C. Wilson; P. Fontanillas; C.E. Carey; 23andMe Research Team</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 19, 2 pm – 3 pm</li>
</ul>
A web-based initiative to accelerate research on African ancestry in the Americas
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25744 size-thumbnail" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/@PITER-23andMe-MeganMullins-39-copy-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/@PITER-23andMe-MeganMullins-39-copy-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/@PITER-23andMe-MeganMullins-39-copy-271x271.jpg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/@PITER-23andMe-MeganMullins-39-copy-372x372.jpg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/@PITER-23andMe-MeganMullins-39-copy-574x574.jpg 574w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/@PITER-23andMe-MeganMullins-39-copy-980x980.jpg 980w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />
<ul>
<li>Presenter: Meghan Moreno, Project Manager</li>
<li>Author(s): M.E. Moreno; K. Bryc; P.K. Penton; R. Rubenstein; L. Vermillion; J.L. Mountain; the 23andMe Research Team</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 20, 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm</li>
</ul>
Human knockouts in the Ashkenazi Jewish population
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-25749 size-thumbnail" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/aaron-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/aaron-150x150.jpg 150w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/aaron-271x271.jpg 271w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/aaron-372x372.jpg 372w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/aaron-574x574.jpg 574w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" />
<ul>
<li>Presenter: Aaron Kleinman, Ph.D., Senior Computational Biologist</li>
<li>Author(s): A. Kleinman; O. Sazonova; S. Pitts; V. Vacic; R. Gentleman; the 23andMe Research Team</li>
<li>Time: Oct. 20, 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm</li>
</ul>

23andMe At ASHG 2017

Maybe the gap between the Greatest Generation and Generation Z, or the chasm between Baby Boomers and Gen X, isn’t a divide at all; perhaps we just haven’t had the right tools to see the thread that connects us, a thread woven into our very DNA.
October is Family History Month, a time to reflect on where we come from and all those who came before us. 23andMe offers people a different way to learn about themselves and their families, giving families an opportunity to see the DNA they share across generations.
23andMe’s newest tool, GrandTree, allows families to connect deeper across three generations, letting them see the thread that ties grandchildren to their grandparents. 
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-1024x705.jpg" alt="" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-25777" width="1024" height="705" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-1024x705.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-300x207.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-768x529.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-880x606.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-1180x812.jpg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree.jpg 1188w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" />If a grandchild, and a grandparent are 23andMe customers, and they are sharing their 23andMe results with each other, GrandTree allows them to see more than just the percentage of DNA that they share. It also allows customers the chance to trace a trait through generations. Showing if a grandchild got their red hair largely  from one grandparent or another, for instance. If a grandparent or grandchild hasn’t yet tested, 23andMe makes it easy for customers to invite them to sign up.
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-2-1024x723.jpg" alt="" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-25776" width="1024" height="723" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-2-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-2-300x212.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-2-768x542.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-2-880x621.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree-2.jpg 1082w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" />Looking at DNA offers a unique way to connect across generational lines, and the GrandTree tool is just one of many features  23andMe has to do that. Customers can also use 23andMe’s Share and Compare feature to see what traits and ancestry they share with a brother or sister, or their parents, or children. You can even see the overlapping segments on each chromosome that you share. You can go deeper by using the DNA Relatives tool to do something similar but also compare yourself with a parent, grandparent, child, (or anyone you share with), and see detailed segment data.
Beyond that 23andMe’s Ancestry Composition feature, which highlights the mix of places where your ancestors came from, includes a feature that allows you to compare your DNA to your parents’ — if they are using 23andMe — and see a “split view” of what ancestry came from your mother and what came from your father.
When families use 23andMe together, they connect in a different way, tracing the thread of traits, and ancestry, that links child to parent and grandparent, bridging the gap between each generation.
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree3-1024x751.jpg" alt="" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-25775" width="1024" height="751" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree3-1024x751.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree3-300x220.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree3-768x563.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree3-880x645.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GrandTree3.jpg 1042w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" />

Connecting Generations with 23andMe’s GrandTree

Participants in the 23andMe Parkinson’s disease research initiative have contributed a vast amount of data, that has enabled our researchers and <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Brain-Logo-287x300.jpg" alt="" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-22635" width="287" height="300" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Brain-Logo-287x300.jpg 287w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Brain-Logo.jpg 438w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px" />collaborators to improve our understanding of the genetics of Parkinson’s. But we want to do even more to maximize the use of this data. 
Through ongoing collaborations with The <a href="https://www.michaeljfox.org/">Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research</a> (MJFF), 23andMe is working with the Parkinson&#8217;s disease community, piloting novel ways to collect and analyze data and advancing genetic research in Parkinson&#8217;s disease.
Part of that work entails supporting a postdoctoral researcher at 23andMe, Karl Heilbron, who is analyzing this extensive data set. We have previously reported on some of <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/parkinsons-research-community-update/">Karl’s work</a>. This summer he presented his findings related to novel traits associated with Parkinson’s disease at first ever Gordon Research Seminar dedicated to the disease. The <a href="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Karl.jpg">poster</a> was well received and we were happy when Karl was selected to give an oral presentation on his data.
23andMe also worked with MJFF to invite Parkinson’s researchers from around the world, to submit proposals for collaborations with 23andMe. We contacted more than 12,000 researchers and received a significant number of high quality and innovative proposals. Through an exhaustive review process, we have identified the top four proposals regarding technical feasibility and potential impact. We will feature details of these in upcoming blog posts. 
<div id="attachment_24396" style="width: 209px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-24396" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KarlHeilbron-preferred-199x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-24396 size-medium" width="199" height="300" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KarlHeilbron-preferred-199x300.jpg 199w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KarlHeilbron-preferred-768x1156.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KarlHeilbron-preferred-680x1024.jpg 680w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KarlHeilbron-preferred-585x880.jpg 585w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KarlHeilbron-preferred-784x1180.jpg 784w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KarlHeilbron-preferred-scaled.jpg 1701w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px" />Karl Heilbron</div>
<h5>New data projects</h5>
Off-label drug use survey
In medicine, doctors sometimes prescribe treatment for a condition with a drug that has already been FDA-approved to treat a different disease or symptom. This practice is called ‘off-label’ drug use, and there is little information on how common it is in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. To find out, researchers here at 23andMe collaborated with MJFF and The Cure for Parkinson’s Trust to create a new off-label drug use survey to address this question.
Although off-label drug use is practiced in medicine, little is known about the safety and effectiveness of drugs in unapproved indications. The survey is not an endorsement of off-label drug use, but instead, an effort to learn more how common it is for the treatment of Parkinson’s. 23andMe encourages individuals with Parkinson’s to talk with their physicians regarding treatment decisions. 
As part of this effort, 23andMe sent an email to participants in the Parkinson’s Disease Research Initiative asking them to take the off-label drug surveys. Respondents were presented with a list of potential off-label medications; exenatide, isradipine, metformin, nicotine patch, nilotinib, and statins, many of which are currently or were recently in clinical trials for Parkinson’s, as well as an “other” free text option. Interpretation of the results is complicated by the fact that many of these drugs are approved for conditions that are also common in those with Parkinson’s, such as type-2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. We found that 21 of the 1,325 participants (one to two percent), reported that they were prescribed isradipine off-label. None of the other drugs were prescribed off-label to more than a handful of participants if any at all. It’s important to note that we have no information regarding any benefits or side-effects relating to the off-label drugs, or even whether the individuals ever took or are still taking the drugs.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;
Medical records pilot
Online survey questions continue to be the core of our data collection methods. However, we are always interested in new and different sources of data to add to our research. 
With the recent proliferation of electronic medical record systems, we wanted to determine if these records could be a valuable new source of data for Parkinson’s research. In particular, we’re interested in discovering factors that influence the progression of the disease. A traditional approach to studying this would be to enroll people with Parkinson’s disease in a longitudinal study where they would be asked to complete baseline and periodic (e.g., every three months) follow-up surveys to assess changes in the progression of their Parkinson’s symptoms. 
Many individuals with Parkinson’s disease progress relatively slowly, especially in the early stages. This means that it can be a significant challenge to keep participants engaged in such studies for long enough to see substantial changes in their symptoms. We want to explore whether disease assessments in medical records would allow us to access the same information, but looking backward in time. 
To address this, we recruited approximately 200 participants with Parkinson’s disease who were willing to have us retrieve and analyze their medical records. These participants were assigned to one of two companies that specialize in the retrieving and anonymizing electronic medical records. The companies retrieved and anonymized the records, then mined them for information that we deemed points of interest. So what did we find? &nbsp;&nbsp; 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;
<ul>
<li> Almost all of the participants saw a specialist for management of their Parkinson’s.</li>
<li> The format and content of the medical records were highly variable, as was the number of visits per year.</li>
<li> The most consistently reported data was self-reported data, which can often be more easily recorded by online surveys.</li>
<li> Rating scales for Parkinson’s — the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) — were rarely and inconsistently included in the records, and, even when present the scores were variably reported. More frequently records had Hoehn and Yahr scores for Parkinson’s, but still insufficient to provide any data on progression. 
</li>
</ul>
In conclusion, the two vendors were able to retrieve records for most of the participants, but the data contained therein were too variable and inconsistent to be of any value for research, especially regarding progression.
Many thanks to all of the 23andMe Parkinson’s disease research initiative participants who contributed to the work!

Update on 23andMe Parkinson’s disease research

Whether we want to be or not, we’re all on a clock — a biological one that ticks off a 24 hour day and regulates our waking and sleep cycle.<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog-api.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-300x200.jpg" alt="" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-25757" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-300x200.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-768x513.jpg 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-880x587.jpg 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iStock-640228980.jpg 1254w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />
With a nod to the importance of our inner Timex, the Nobel Committee recognized this week the pioneering work of a trio of American scientists —<a href="http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/faculty/hall.html"> Jeffrey C. Hall</a>,<a href="http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/faculty/rosbash.html"> Michael Rosbash</a>, and<a href="https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/heads-of-laboratories/914-michael-w-young/"> Michael W. Young</a> — that first uncovered the genetic basis of that circadian rhythm.
Studying sleep cycles in fruit flies, the three researchers led teams that identified the key genes that regulate the level of specific proteins that control our active hours and sleep cycles.
“(They) were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings,”<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/press.html"> said</a> Thomas Perlmann, the secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. “Their discoveries explain how plants, animals, and humans adapt their biological rhythm so that it is synchronized with the Earth’s revolutions.”

The importance of sleep in health is well established, but researchers are still building on the breakthroughs from Hall, Rosbash and Young to learn more.
A few years ago, 23andMe researchers completed a genome wide association study that uncovered 15 genetic variants associated with being a<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10448#results"> morning person</a>. Some of the variants were in newly associated genes, but others were in genes with well-established influence on circadian rhythms, such as PER2. This PER (or “period”) gene was originally identified in the Nobel winners’ work. Despite fruit flies not looking like our closest cousins, circadian rhythm is such an essential trait for living things that basic research in model organisms helps us learn more about human health. (The workhorse, as it were, of genetic research is a small fruit fly called the drosophila, which is also happens to be the name of one of the meeting rooms at 23andMe HQ.) 
Beyond the genetic associations with sleep cycles, our genes also influence how deeply we sleep and whether or not we fidget the night away.
23andMe has two reports, looking at how variants in two genes— BTBD9 and ADA — may influence your ability to drift off into a deep sleep, and how likely you are to move about while you slumber. If you’re a customer you can see your <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/wellness/deep-sleep">Deep Sleep report</a> here, and your report on <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/wellness/sleep-movement/">Sleep Movement</a> here.
No matter if you are an early riser or a night owl, a deep sleeper or a restless one, the right amount of sleep is important for your health.

Latest Posts — Page 86