
<p>Every year on April 25th, the world observes World Malaria Day to highlight the ongoing effort to control and eliminate this devastating disease. This month, we are highlighting a study that searched for cases of ancient malaria infections across the globe to learn about its history and spread.</p>



<p>While most ancient DNA studies focus on the human DNA of the individuals whose remains were sampled, it is also possible to learn about the diseases these individuals carried by searching for pathogen DNA in their remains.</p>



<p>These kinds of studies have enabled researchers to investigate the origins and spread of ancient diseases that were otherwise nearly impossible to study. This is because many ancient diseases, including malaria, don’t leave clear physical evidence on skeletal remains. Furthermore, historical records of ancient epidemics often lack the specificity needed to identify exactly which diseases were present or where they originated.</p>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38867050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">In 2024</a>, a team of researchers looked at ancient DNA to search for cases of malaria among more than 10,000 individuals. In this month’s update to the <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-historic-matches" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Historical Matches</a><sup>SM</sup> feature, we are highlighting the stories of individuals buried at three ancient sites where malaria was detected. Each of their stories provides important new insights into the history of this ancient disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spreading-malaria-along-european-military-lines">Spreading Malaria Along European Military Lines</h2>



<p>In Europe, the cemetery of St. Rombout’s in Mechelen, Belgium, offers a window into the health of a continent at war. Sitting next to one of the world’s first permanent military hospitals, this site served as a burial ground for both local townspeople and foreign soldiers from the 12th to the 18th centuries.</p>



<p>While local residents, who were buried at this site before the hospital was established, showed fewer signs of infection, later individuals—thought to be soldiers who had traveled from the Mediterranean—were often found carrying multiple strains of malaria simultaneously. These findings highlight how the movement of armies turned European cities into crossroads for infectious disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carrying-malaria-to-the-himalayan-peaks">Carrying Malaria to the Himalayan Peaks</h2>



<p>The high-altitude site of Chokhopani sits 2,800 meters above sea level in the Nepalese Himalayas. This environment is far too cold and dry for the <em>Anopheles</em> mosquitoes that transmit malaria to survive. Yet, genomic analysis of an individual buried within one of the site’s cliffside tombs nearly 3,000 years ago revealed the presence of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, the most virulent form of the malaria parasite.</p>



<p>Finding a tropical disease in a mountain environment provides clear evidence of human mobility. It tells us that this ancient individual had likely traveled to warmer, lower-altitude regions—possibly for trade—and carried the infection back to this highland site.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-arrival-of-malaria-in-the-americas">Tracking the Arrival of Malaria in the Americas</h2>



<p>A central debate among disease researchers is whether malaria existed in the Americas prior to European contact or if it was brought there by European colonizers. The study of individuals from the site of Laguna de los Cóndores in Peru provides a pretty clear answer.</p>



<p>Researchers at the site discovered an individual with exclusively Indigenous American ancestry who lived during the period of initial European contact and was infected with <em>Plasmodium vivax </em>(a more widespread form of the malaria parasite). Crucially, the DNA of the parasite was most similar to historical European strains rather than those found elsewhere. This finding suggests that European colonizers acted as the primary vector for introducing these specific malaria strains to the Indigenous populations of the Andes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learn-more">Learn More</h2>



<p>Want to see if you share a genetic connection with any of the ancient malaria-infected individuals highlighted in this study—or with hundreds of other historical individuals? The Historical Matches feature is available to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/">23and</a><a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">M</a><a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/">e+ Premium</a>™ members.</p>



<p></p>


Scientist II, Population Genetics R&D

Éadaoin Harney

New Historical Matches Could Connect You to the Hidden History of Malaria


<p><em>By Steven Fein, MD, MPH</em></p>



<p>For many women, the decision to start estrogen-containing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives (OCPs) is a pivotal health moment.</p>



<p>These medications can be life-changing. They regulate cycles, prevent pregnancy, relieve perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms, and protect bone health. For millions of women, estrogen improves quality of life.</p>



<p>But estrogen is not risk-free.</p>



<p>One of the most important considerations is the risk of developing blood clots, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or stroke. While the overall risk is low for most healthy women, it is not the same for everyone.</p>



<p>The difference often lies in your genetics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hereditary-thrombophilia-the-hidden-variable">Hereditary Thrombophilia: The Hidden Variable</h2>



<p>Some individuals carry inherited genetic variants that increase their tendency to form blood clots, a condition known as hereditary thrombophilia.</p>



<p>The two most common variants are Factor V Leiden (F5 gene) and Prothrombin G20210A (F2 gene). These variants are common. Approximately 1 in 20 people of European ancestry carries one of them.</p>



<p>To put this in perspective, the baseline annual risk of a serious blood clot is roughly <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25304324/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>1 in 1,000</strong></a>. Carrying one of these variants can <strong>double that risk</strong>. When estrogen is added, particularly oral estrogen, the risk can increase substantially, in some cases <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37734636/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several-fold higher</a> than baseline.</p>



<p>Without genetic information, we are estimating risk.<br>With genetic information, we are personalizing it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-mthfr">What About MTHFR?</h2>



<p>Another gene that has been proposed to be a hereditary clotting risk factor is the MTHFR gene. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15670035/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Some studies</a> have suggested an increased risk of blood clots in individuals who carry two copies of the C677T variant, while <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23900608/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">others</a> have found no clear association. </p>



<p>Because the evidence is mixed, genetic results should be interpreted with caution. However, knowing your status can still be informative: if you carry these variants, a simple blood test to measure homocysteine levels may help clarify your overall risk profile and guide further discussion with your clinician.</p>



<p><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/our-take-on-the-mthfr-gene" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Read more about MTHFR here</strong></a></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-is-only-part-of-the-picture">Genetics Is Only Part of the Picture</h2>



<p>While your tendency to develop blood clots is <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27764878/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primarily determined</a> by genes, life events and circumstances are also important. The most widely recognized DVT and PE risks are injuries, surgeries, and long airplane flights (more than four hours long). Cigarette smoking and hypertension are risks for developing stroke. </p>



<p>Estrogen is a mild pro-thrombotic factor (a factor that increases the likelihood of forming a blood clot), whether during pregnancy or through hormone therapy.</p>



<p>The key question is not <em>“Is estrogen safe?”</em><br>The key question is <em>“Is estrogen safe for you?”</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-mitigation-is-possible">Risk Mitigation Is Possible</h2>



<p>If a woman carries a clotting-risk variant, that does not automatically mean she cannot take estrogen.</p>



<p>Instead, it opens the door to informed strategies such as choosing <strong>transdermal estrogen</strong>, which carries lower clot risk than oral formulations, using low-dose aspirin while taking estrogen, short-term anticoagulation during high-risk periods (e.g., surgery or long travel), or close clinical monitoring.</p>



<p>Knowledge allows preparation. Preparation reduces fear.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-23andme-in-understanding-your-genetic-risk">The Role of 23andMe in Understanding Your Genetic Risk</h2>



<p>This is where resources like 23andMe become invaluable. They provide easily understandable and reliable access to important genetic information related to blood clotting, empowering both patients and physicians.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/hereditary-thrombophilia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe Hereditary Thrombophilia report</a>* specifically includes analysis for the two most common variants linked to hereditary thrombophilia: factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A. 23andMe also offers a report that includes MTHFR variants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-i-recommend-23andme-for-my-patients">Why I Recommend 23andMe for My Patients</h2>



<p>As a hematologist specializing in women’s health hematology, I frequently discuss genetic clotting risk with patients who are planning pregnancy or considering estrogen therapy.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In recent years, many insurance carriers have stopped covering inherited thrombophilia testing. Instead, direct-to-consumer genetic testing platforms like <strong>23andMe</strong> have made validated variant testing more accessible and affordable. For appropriate patients, it can provide clinically useful information that guides safer, more confident decision-making.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-medicine-is-not-the-future-it-s-the-present">Personalized Medicine Is Not the Future-It’s the Present</h2>



<p>Understanding your genetic profile allows your physician to contextualize your clotting risk, weigh the benefits and risks of estrogen therapy, and develop individualized risk-mitigation strategies.</p>



<p>This is personalized medicine in action!</p>



<p>Before starting estrogen therapy, have a conversation with your physician about your family history, personal risk factors, and whether genetic testing may be appropriate for you. In some cases, it may also be helpful to consult a hematologist who has expertise in women’s health.</p>



<p>Because when it comes to your health, guessing is no longer necessary.</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About Steven Fein, MD, MPH</h4>
<p>Dr. Steven Fein is a board-certified hematologist with more than 20 years of clinical experience. He received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, completed residency training in internal medicine at Duke University Medical Center, and completed a fellowship in hematology and oncology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.</p>
<p>In 2020, he founded <a href="https://www.femwomenshealth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fem Women’s Health</a>, a nationwide telemedicine hematology practice dedicated to caring for women with clotting disorders, bleeding conditions, or iron deficiency.</p>
</div>



<p><em>This post reflects the personal insights and opinions of Dr. Fein. It does not necessarily represent the views of 23andMe. We appreciate the unique perspective shared here.</em></p>



<p>* The 23andMe PGS test uses qualitative genotyping to detect clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults, from saliva collected using an FDA-cleared collection device (Oragene·DX model OGD-500.001) for the purpose of reporting and interpreting genetic health risks.&nbsp; The relevance of each report may vary based on ethnicity.&nbsp; Our genetic health risk reports describe if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing a disease, but do not describe a person’s overall risk of developing the disease. The reports are not intended to diagnose any disease, tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication or how much of a medication you should take. The Hereditary Thrombophilia genetic health risk report (i) is indicated for reporting of the Factor V Leiden variant in the F5 gene, and the Prothrombin G20210A variant in the F2 gene, (ii) describes if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing harmful blood clots, and (iii) is most relevant for people of European descent.</p>


A photo of a doctor showing a patient information on a digital tablet.

Thinking of Starting HRT or Birth Control? Why Your Genetics Should Be Part of the Conversation


<p><em>By James Ashenhurst, PhD.</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>New work from the 23andMe Research Institute has identified specific variants in the <i>GLP1R</i> and <i>GIPR</i> genes that influence how individuals respond to GLP-1 medications, affecting weight loss outcomes and the risk of side effects like nausea.</li>
<li>Utilizing data from over 27,000 consented research participants, 23andMe conducted a landmark genome-wide association study (GWAS) to uncover the genetics behind why these medications impact people in such distinct ways.</li>
<li>23andMe Total Health™ members can now access an exclusive interactive tool that combines an individual’s genetic results with their medical history to help doctors and patients move toward data-driven, personalized weight management decisions.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>GLP-1 medications, such as semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro®, Zepbound®), have transformed the clinical approach to weight management. In fact, an estimated 1 in 8 adults in the U.S. have used a GLP-1 medication in recent years.<sup>[1]</sup>&nbsp;</p>



<p>Yet, if you or someone you know has taken one, you might have noticed that not everyone has the same experience on these drugs. While GLP-1 medications are commonly prescribed to help control blood sugar and to assist in weight loss, there is substantial variation in how well they work for different people. Some individuals lose as little as 5% of their body weight, whereas others lose more than 20%.<sup>[2][3]</sup> Similarly, while gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting are common, some people experience moderate to severe forms, whereas others report no nausea at all.<sup>[4]</sup>&nbsp;</p>



<p>While lifestyle characteristics like diet patterns and exercise may certainly explain some of these differences, potential genetic causes of this variation have been unclear, until today. <strong>Scientists at the 23andMe Research Institute published a study in </strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10330-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong><em>Nature</em></strong></a><strong> that has identified genetic variants associated with weight loss and side effects among those who have taken GLP-1 medications.</strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-medication-response">The Mystery of Medication Response</h2>



<p>When people begin a GLP-1 journey, they may start with uncertainty about efficacy and possible side effects. While the market is crowded with weight loss support and medications, few resources offer personalized insight into the simple question: “What can I expect?”.</p>



<p>To find answers, we turned to our incredible community of 23andMe research participants. Over 27,000 consented participants made this research possible by sharing their experiences with GLP-1 medications through an ongoing research survey. Using 23andMe’s unique crowdsourced approach to research, we were able to conduct the first large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) just seven months after starting the study, a very rapid rate for a study of this kind. In simple terms, a GWAS is like scanning a massive library of DNA to find specific &#8220;spelling differences&#8221; (genetic variants) that are more common in people who share a specific trait. In this case, scientists wanted to understand if there were genetic differences that were associated with how participants&#8217; bodies responded to GLP-1 medications.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-the-genetic-links">Discovering the Genetic Links</h2>



<p>23andMe Research Institute scientists uncovered fascinating genetic associations for response to GLP-1 medications, including a person&#8217;s potential for weight loss and their risk of experiencing nausea or vomiting.</p>



<p>First, the study identified a genetic variant that is associated with both weight loss and nausea for the two major classes of GLP1 medications: semaglutide and tirzepatide. This variant is located in the <em>GLP1R</em> gene, which codes for the receptor protein that is the target of GLP-1 medications.</p>



<p>Second, the study identified another genetic variant that is associated with side-effects, specifically nausea and vomiting, while using tirzepatide (Mounjaro® or Zepbound®). You might wonder why this second variant only affects tirzepatide users. It comes down to how the drugs are designed: while semaglutide acts only on GLP-1 receptors, tirzepatide is a dual-target drug that also acts on GIP receptors (GIP, or gastric inhibitory polypeptide, is another hormone like GLP-1 that helps regulate insulin and blood sugar). Our team discovered that this second variant is located in the <em>GIPR</em> gene, which explains why it impacts tirzepatide response but not semaglutide.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="649" height="1024" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-649x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-35199" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-649x1024.png 649w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-190x300.png 190w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-768x1212.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-558x880.png 558w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image.png 1014w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px" /></figure>



<p>Describing the impact of the study, Dr. Adam Auton, Vice President of Human Genetics at the 23andMe Research Institute said, <strong><em>&#8220;Identifying these variants in the GLP1R and GIPR genes provides an important new insight into why these medications impact people in distinct ways. It’s a great example of how our large-scale, participant-engaged research program can clarify the biological mechanisms behind drug response, and moves us closer to a future where &#8216;precision medicine&#8217; isn&#8217;t just an aspiration.&#8221;</em></strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Translating Emerging Science into Personalized Insights</h2>



<p>Discovering these variants is a massive step forward, but our ultimate goal is to meet the need for more personalized insight into GLP-1 medication responses.</p>



<p>That is why a new report and interactive tool related to GLP-1 medications is now available exclusively through the 23andMe+ <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/wl-mrr?utm_source=23andme&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=wlmrr_april_2026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Total Health</a>™ service. This interactive tool combines an individual’s genetic results for these two variants with demographics and medical history to estimate both weight loss and nausea likelihood based on data from 23andMe research participants. All these factors combined can result in significant variability in the likelihood of weight loss or side effects. In fact, the estimates for weight loss can vary between -6% to -20% of baseline weight after one year. Likewise, the estimated risk of nausea and vomiting can range between 5% to 78% risk for experiencing these side effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What You Need to Know About the New Report</h2>



<p>The science of genetics is always evolving and the 23andMe Research Institute strives to be on the forefront of genetics research, powered by the participation of our members. Our mission is also to help people benefit from genetics research, which is why we are thrilled to provide this new report to our Total Health members. This report is designed to be reviewed in consultation with a clinician and is intended for use in a supervised clinical context, which is why it is exclusively available through the physician-supervised Total Health service.</p>



<p>The shift toward personalized care enabled by this report is echoed by Dr. Noura Abul-Husn, Chief Medical Officer of the 23andMe Research Institute, who views the data as a catalyst for better patient-doctor relationships: <strong><em>&#8220;For healthcare professionals, the true value of this data lies in its potential to transform weight loss discussions from a trial-and-error approach into data-driven, shared decision-making with patients. Integrating genetic markers, such as those we’ve identified in the GLP1R and GIPR genes, with clinical factors provides a clearer picture of how a patient’s unique biology may interact with a specific therapy, allowing both patients and their doctors to proactively manage expectations and tailor care with greater precision from day one.&#8221;</em></strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A Sincere Thank You to Our Participants</h2>



<p>The GLP-1 Study is ongoing, and our survey is designed to allow participants to share their journey over time so we can continue to investigate how these medications are associated with genetics and health. Discoveries like this simply would not exist without our research participants. Current 23andMe members can choose to contribute answers and to fuel new discoveries.</p>



<p><a href="https://you.23andme.com/research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Participate in the next discovery</a></p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>James Ashenhurst</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Scientist I, Product R&#038;D
</p>
<p>Dr. Ashenhurst is a Senior Scientist at the 23andMe Research Institute who studies how health history, lifestyle, and genetics combine to predict risk for health conditions and differences in medication response.</p>
</div>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>References</strong></h6>



<p>1. Montero, A., Sparks, G., Presiado, M. &amp; Hamel, L. <a href="https://www.kff.org/health-costs/kff-health-tracking-poll-may-2024-the-publics-use-and-views-of-glp-1-drugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KFF Health Tracking Poll May 2024: The Public’s Use and Views of GLP-1 Drugs</a> | KFF. </p>



<p>2. Wilding, J. P. H. <em>et al.</em> Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. <em>New Engl J Med</em> <strong>384</strong>, 989–1002 (2021). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/</a></p>



<p>3. Ryan, D. H. <em>et al.</em> Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. <em>Nat Med</em> <strong>30</strong>, 2049–2057 (2024). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740993/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740993/</a></p>



<p>4. Joy, Bethany, et al. Exploring the rates of Gastrointestinal adverse effects among five GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. <em>Endocrine</em> <strong>91</strong>(1), 23 (2026). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41489846/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41489846/</a></p>



<p></p>


Unlocking the Genetics of GLP-1 Medications: Why Your DNA Matters


<p><em>By Bertram Koelsch, Ph.D.</em></p>



<p>The more we learn about genetics, the more we realize how beautifully complex the story of human variation truly is. For many of us, our first introduction to genetics is in the classroom. As genomic science leaps forward, it is vital that science education keeps pace. A <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/S9WVJXKE2DBYWHZGBIFV/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recently published paper</a> in the <em>Journal of Science Teacher Education</em> highlights both the challenges and the exciting opportunities in updating how science is taught in order to reflect the complexity of modern genetics.</p>



<p>The 23andMe Research Institute is committed to more than just internal discovery; we aim to support and collaborate with professional educators in developing their own expertise in these complex principles. We were honored to have played a supporting role for these educators, and would like to share their work.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-teaching-complexity">The Challenge: Teaching Complexity</h2>



<p>The paper explores a fundamental shift in genetics education: moving from a &#8220;one-gene, one-trait&#8221; <a href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Mendelian-Inheritance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mendelian model</a> to an understanding of complex traits that are influenced by hundreds or thousands of genetic variants working in tandem with environmental factors.</p>



<p>Teaching this complexity isn&#8217;t easy. This case study followed a &#8220;co-design process&#8221; involving a middle school science teacher and educators from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and the <a href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exploratorium</a> Museum in San Francisco working together to create professional activities for other science teachers to update how they teach more complex genetics.</p>



<p>Throughout this process the middle school teacher identified several challenges to teaching these complex topics, including:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>A lack of real-world examples tailored to hook students’ interest.</li>



<li>Nuanced word choices that can be confusing when describing the relationship between genes and a trait.</li>



<li>How and when to introduce core ideas and activities to help students build their understanding step-by-step.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-collaborative-solution">A Collaborative Solution</h2>



<p>In order to find interesting examples to capture students&#8217; interest and to support further understanding of complex genetics, the co-design team was able to call on 23andMe Research Institute scientists to share data and real-world examples from research studies of complex traits. In the end the co-design team developed a <a href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/file/inheritance-its-more-complicated" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classroom activity</a>, using height as a relevant example, to demonstrate the impact of multiple genetic variants on a trait.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="578" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Figure2-Principles-of-a-polygenic-score-1024x578.png" alt="" class="wp-image-35182" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Figure2-Principles-of-a-polygenic-score-1024x578.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Figure2-Principles-of-a-polygenic-score-300x169.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Figure2-Principles-of-a-polygenic-score-768x434.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Figure2-Principles-of-a-polygenic-score-880x497.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Figure2-Principles-of-a-polygenic-score-1180x666.png 1180w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Example of materials shared by 23andMe with the co-design team.</em></figcaption></figure>



<p><strong>&#8220;By providing a space for teachers to work directly with scientists, we create opportunities for them to engage with authentic data and nuanced examples of complex inheritance,&#8221;</strong> said Hilleary Osheroff, of the Teacher Institute at the Exploratorium, one of the authors of this study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Co-author Sara Porter, from the Teacher Education and Higher Education Department at University of North Carolina at Greensboro added, <strong>&#8220;This collaboration allows educators to bridge the gap between abstract theory and classroom practice without the need for extensive time in the laboratory, ultimately empowering them to bring the most current genomic science to their students.&#8221;</strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why It Matters</h2>



<p>The importance of robust science education throughout the K-12 years cannot be overstated. By providing students with a more accurate framework for how genetics works, we empower the next generation to better understand their own health and the diversity of the human experience.</p>



<p><strong>“At the 23andMe Research Institute, we believe that genetic literacy is a fundamental tool,”</strong> says Anne Greb, Director of Genomics Education at 23andMe. <strong>“Engaging in community projects like this that support early science education is a priority for us. By supporting teachers today, we are ensuring that the scientists, healthcare providers, and informed citizens of tomorrow have a clear-eyed understanding of the science that connects us all, from understanding their own traits and disease risks to recognizing the genetic relatedness that connects people.”</strong></p>



<p>The responsive nature of the co-design process described in the paper shows that when scientists and teachers work together, they create a &#8220;resource-rich&#8221; environment. We are proud to have played a role in this research and remain dedicated to helping bridge the gap between the lab and the classroom.</p>



<p><strong>Interested in helping a young person in your life learn more about genetics? Check out more educational activities from the </strong><a href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/teacher-institute/phenomenal-genome-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Exploratorium</strong></a><strong> and the 23andMe </strong><a href="https://education.23andme.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Genetics Learning Hub</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Bertram Koelsch</strong>, Ph.D. — Director, Product Research &#038; Development
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Bertram Koelsch leads a team of R&#038;D scientists at 23andMe whose work spans the full breadth of the 23andMe experience — from genetic ancestry and relative matching to consumer health insights. Drawing on machine learning and the insights unlocked by 23andMe&#8217;s vast base of research-consented participants, his team builds models that deepen what customers can learn about themselves. With a Ph.D. in Bioengineering from UC Berkeley and UCSF, he brings a rigorous scientific foundation to the challenge of making genetics meaningful and actionable for everyone. At heart, Dr. Koelsch thinks of himself as an engineer — someone driven not just by scientific discovery, but by the desire to build things that tangibly improve people&#8217;s lives. That ethos runs through everything his team does, for example, ensuring polygenic risk scores can empower consumers to take a more proactive role in their own health.</p>
</div>


Teaching Complex Genetics to Kids: What a New Study Says Works


<p><em>By Ana Hur</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>23andMe is releasing a new AI Health Summary feature in the Beta Testing Program.</li>
<li>The Health Summary integrates your unique genetics with lifestyle and biomarker data to provide personalized, accurate, and actionable recommendations.</li>
<li>The proprietary AI framework is designed, developed, and monitored by scientific and clinical experts at the 23andMe Research Institute for truly personalized health insights.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>The 23andMe Health Summary is now available to customers participating in the <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013592713-23andMe-Beta-Testing-Program" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beta Testing Program</a>*. 23andMe&#8217;s Health Summary uses AI to connect your genetics, blood labs, and lifestyle data to give you a clear, real-time picture of your health. Powered by 23andMe&#8217;s scientifically-backed AI model, it actively connects your genetic findings with your real-time lab results, surfacing the signals most worth paying attention to and discussing with your doctor. The result is a set of personalized, evidence-based recommendations giving you what you need to move from reactive to truly personalized preventative healthcare.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-average-ai-falls-short">Why &#8220;Average&#8221; AI Falls Short</h2>



<p>The potential of AI in healthcare is staggering, offering a future where disease is predicted rather than just treated. But to get there, we must answer this fundamental question: How can an AI truly “know” your health, if it doesn’t know your biology? Most health recommendations today still rely on “average” standards and protocols. But “average” increasingly doesn’t cut it in healthcare.&nbsp;</p>



<p>At 23andMe, we believe the next era of medicine isn’t just about tracking your steps or one-off blood tests — it’s about closing the loop between your labs, lifestyle, and your genetics. Health data without genetic context is just numbers.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-23andme-perspective-on-health-ai">The 23andMe perspective on Health AI</h2>



<p>Today&#8217;s AI health tools are trained on everyone. They know what&#8217;s true for most people. But your genetics determine how much of that actually applies to you, and that gap is where 23andMe lives. Our approach is different. 23andMe benchmarks your health against your genetic peers — not just people with shared age and gender, but also ancestry and genetic risks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dumping your data into a chatbot might tell you that walking 10,000 steps today is great. But if it is lacking your genetic data and the research insights for how to combine genetics and other kinds of data, those 10,000 steps might not be enough to move the needle on your specific risk. </p>



<p>23andMe’s AI takes into account both your current biomarker signals and unique genetic tendencies to tell you where you are on your journey relative to the instructions your body was born with.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cut through the “data overload”</h3>



<p>The Health Summary doesn’t just show your data, it tells you what levers to pull now to improve your health, given all of your data points combined. We focus on systems that greatly impact longevity and healthspan including heart health, metabolic health, and brain health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Science-backed innovation</h3>



<p>We know that accuracy and credibility are paramount in healthcare. That’s why our Health Summary is grounded in a proprietary framework developed by our scientific and clinical experts. This framework guides our AI in considering relevant sets of genetic results, lab values, and lifestyle data and interpreting them together appropriately. Based on this holistic picture, our AI will help you understand what areas warrant attention and how to stay on top of them. We’ve also developed specific safeguards to monitor that our AI stays true to the framework and is basing your Health Summary on established evidence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Join our Beta Program</h2>



<p>This is just the beginning. We will continue layering more health insights, and real-world context into your Health Summary, and will get more targeted with our insights (imagine a world where we define the exact lab value ranges you should target based on your genetics rather than relying on generic lab “normals”). Looking ahead, we see our Health Summary visualizing your health potential, showing you how much power you have to decrease your risk. We don’t just want to tell you you’re at risk, we tell you how much power you have to change that risk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The future of health isn’t just a chatbot where you dump information in and hope for new ideas. It’s a sophisticated synthesis of your unique biological code and real-world data, guided by experts. Your genes gave you the map, we’re here to help you lead the way.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Join the <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013592713-23andMe-Beta-Testing-Program" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe Beta program</a> today to test the Health Summary. By sharing your feedback, you are helping us co-create a future where your health data becomes more understood, personalized, and actionable.</p>



<p>*Unfortunately this feature is not yet available on Android devices — we are working on it!</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Ana Hur</strong> — Sr. Product Manager
</p>
<p> 
Ana Hur is the lead product manager for Health and AI at 23andMe, focused on health products that combine genetics, biomarkers, and AI-driven insights to help people take a more proactive approach to prevention and healthspan. Backed by a track record of building consumer tech products, Ana holds a BS from UC Berkeley, MBA from the Kellogg School of Management, and MS from the McCormick School of Engineering.</p>
</div>



<p></p>


Help Shape the Future of Healthcare: Why We’re Connecting Genetics and AI


<p><em>By Kayla Capper, Ph.D., and Alisa Lehman, Ph.D.</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td><h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>The Genetic Link to Sleep: Your DNA influences everything from being a &#8220;night owl&#8221; to your likelihood of experiencing insomnia, sleep apnea, or sleep paralysis.</li>
<li>New Sleep Paralysis Report: 23andMe+ Premium™ members can now access a new Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) report to understand their genetic likelihood of sleep paralysis.</li>
<li>Optimizing Sleep Hygiene: Combining genetic insights with habits, like consistent schedules, can significantly improve long-term health and mood.
</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>March is Sleep Awareness Month, a time to focus on one of the most vital pillars of our health: sleep. While we often prioritize diet and exercise, the quality of our rest plays a massive role in how we feel, think, and function every single day — and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37831896/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> is showing sleep is  increasingly important for living a longer, healthier life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-a-good-night-s-rest">The Power of a Good Night’s Rest</h2>



<p>Getting enough, and getting high-quality sleep is about more than just avoiding grogginess. According to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>, consistent, healthy sleep can help you:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Boost your immune system, helping you get sick less often.</li>



<li>Maintain a healthy weight and improve your metabolism.</li>



<li>Lower your risk for serious chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke.</li>



<li>Support mental health by reducing stress and improving your overall mood.</li>



<li>Sharpen your mind, improving your attention and memory for daily tasks.</li>



<li>Keep you safe, reducing the risk of motor vehicle crashes and injuries.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-the-new-sleep-paralysis-prs-report">Introducing the New Sleep Paralysis PRS Report</h2>



<p>23andMe members can already explore genetic insights into certain sleep-related topics (such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea), and we are excited to expand these insights for <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members with our new Sleep Paralysis Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)* report.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="422" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-1024x422.png" alt="" class="wp-image-35168" style="width:224px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-1024x422.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-300x124.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-768x316.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-880x362.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-1180x486.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero.png 1224w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>Sleep paralysis is the temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up. While these episodes can be brief and sometimes distressing, they are not dangerous. Our new report uses a polygenic score (a model that looks at thousands of small genetic variants) to help you understand your genetic likelihood of experiencing sleep paralysis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-better-sleep-hygiene">Tips for Better Sleep Hygiene</h2>



<p>Regardless of your genetic predispositions, good sleep hygiene can make a world of difference. If you experience sleep paralysis or struggle with general sleep quality, consider these tips:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Adjust your sleeping position:</strong> Sleep paralysis is more common when sleeping on your back; try switching to your side.</li>



<li><strong>Do your best to stay consistent:</strong> Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends, to regulate your internal clock.</li>



<li><strong>Try to create a sanctuary:</strong> Keep your bedroom dark, quiet, and comfortable.</li>



<li><strong>Unwind early:</strong> Try meditation or a warm bath before bed to lower stress.</li>



<li><strong>Watch your intake:</strong> Limit alcohol and caffeine in the evening, as both can interfere with deep, restorative sleep.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-genetics-of-sleep">More Genetics of Sleep</h2>



<p>What about other ways genetics impacts sleep? Have you ever wondered why you’re a night owl while your partner is an early bird? Or why some people can fall asleep the second their head hits the pillow while others toss and turn? Your DNA may hold some answers.</p>



<p>At 23andMe, we have a number of sleep-related reports, including:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/traits/wake-up-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Wake-up Time</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Explore how your genetics nudge you toward being a natural morning person or a night owl.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/insomnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Insomnia</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Discover how your DNA may influence your likelihood of having trouble falling or staying asleep.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Obstructive Sleep Apnea</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Identify if your genetics give you an increased likelihood of developing this common sleep-related breathing disorder.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/restless-legs-syndrome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Restless Legs Syndrome</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Understand the genetic components of this uncomfortable nighttime sensation.</li>
</ul>



<p><strong>Ready to see what your DNA says about your sleep?</strong> 23andMe+ Premium members can find the new Sleep Paralysis report and other sleep-related reports in the Wellness section of their account today.</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Authors</h4>
<p><strong>Kayla Capper</strong>, Ph.D. — Senior Product Scientist
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Kayla Capper is a scientist at the 23andMe Research Institute, where she develops scientifically accurate and engaging health reports and features. She is particularly passionate about simplifying complex genetic topics to help customers better understand and act upon their results. Dr. Capper holds a B.S. in Genetics from the University of Kansas and a Ph.D. in Cancer Biology from the University of Michigan, where she also completed training in Science Communication.</p>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>


Decoding the Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Paralysis


<p><em>By Alisa Lehman, Ph.D.</em></p>



<p>At 23andMe, we are committed to providing our customers with the most granular and meaningful insights into their heritage. Today, we are thrilled to announce a major update for our customers of Filipino descent: the launch of <strong>144 new Genetic Groups</strong> across the Philippines and neighboring regions, providing the most detailed breakdown of Filipino ancestry available.</p>



<p>The Philippines is a land of incredible diversity, with over 7,000 islands and a rich tapestry of cultural and regional communities. We are now able to identify if members share DNA segments with those who have a known family history from a specific location or community. More than 75% of our members of Filipino descent, who are on our <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/218392668-Upgrading-to-23andMe-s-Newest-Chip-Version" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">latest genotyping chip</a>, will now see matches to one or more of these new Genetic Groups. And <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members will also be able to see any <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/discover-distant-genetic-groups-with-23andme-premium" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distant Genetic Group</a> connections they may have to these regions. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-style-default"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1008" height="1024" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/philippines-genetic-groups-1008x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-35041" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/philippines-genetic-groups-1008x1024.png 1008w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/philippines-genetic-groups-295x300.png 295w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/philippines-genetic-groups-768x780.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/philippines-genetic-groups-867x880.png 867w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/philippines-genetic-groups-1162x1180.png 1162w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-shared-heritage">A Shared Heritage</h2>



<p>In addition to 141 Genetic Groups across the Philippines this update includes 1 new group in Taiwan and 2 groups in Borneo, reflecting the shared <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/what-is-austronesian-ancestry" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Austronesian</a> ancestry in this region. </p>



<p>Who are Austronesians? Around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, seafaring groups originating from what is now Taiwan began migrating southward into the Philippine archipelago, likely entering through the Batanes Islands and Northern Luzon. These migrants brought with them new technologies, such as the outrigger canoe, along with agricultural practices, including the cultivation of rice and the domestication of animals. Over millennia, these populations fanned out across the 7,000+ islands of the Philippines, developing distinct linguistic and cultural identities while maintaining a shared genetic and naval heritage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This movement didn&#8217;t stop in the Philippines; the archipelago served as a vital jumping-off point for further expansion into Indonesia, Malaysia, and eventually as far west as Madagascar and as far east as the remote islands of Polynesia, forever linking the Filipino people to a vast Austronesian cultural network.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-check-out-your-results">Check out your results</h2>



<p>With this update, discovering more about your Filipino heritage with 23andMe has never been more specific. This is part of our ongoing commitment to improving our science and representation for all our customers. We can&#8217;t wait for you to see it. <a href="https://auth.23andme.com/login/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Log in</a> to explore your updated results in your Ancestry Composition report today.</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>


Beyond the Archipelago: Explore the Most Detailed Filipino Ancestry Breakdown with 23andMe




<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000;border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>While standard guidelines suggest starting colorectal cancer screenings at 45, rising rates in younger adults make your personal genetic risk an important data point for potential early detection.</li>
<li>Genetic insights for colorectal cancer range from high-impact variants (impacting risk for conditions like Lynch syndrome) to polygenic risk scores (PRS) that calculate the combined effect of thousands of small genetic markers.</li>
<li>23andMe is conducting a study to improve PRS accuracy for the Black and African American community to try to ensure equitable access to genetic information about colorectal cancer.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>Is age 45 actually the right time for your first colonoscopy? While standard guidelines offer a baseline for colorectal cancer screening, your genetics offer a potential path for further precision. As we see a significant shift in colorectal cancer trends among younger adults, understanding your inherited risk factors is a critical tool for early detection and personalized care.</p>



<p>As we observe Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, we’re looking at how your genetic data can help you move beyond the one-size-fits-all model and take better control of your health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-changing-face-of-colorectal-cancer">The Changing Face of Colorectal Cancer</h2>



<p>The traditional milestone for your first colonoscopy used to be age 50. Recently, experts lowered it to 45. Why? Because the landscape of this disease is shifting.</p>



<p>According to the <a href="https://cancerstatisticscenter.cancer.org/types/colorectum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Cancer Society</a>, an estimated 158,850 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer in 2026, making colorectal cancer the fourth most common cancer. Perhaps most startling is that 45% of new cases are now occurring in <a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.70067" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adults under 65</a>, a massive jump from just 27% in 1995. While the overall number of cases in young people is still relatively low, the rates of colorectal cancer in people between the ages of 20 and 40 is increasing at about <a href="https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-news/colorectal-cancer-drops-in-older-adults-and-rises-in-young-ones.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3% per year</a>. This trend of younger adults being diagnosed means that for some, waiting until a standard screening age might already be too late.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genetic-spectrum-more-than-one-way-to-measure-risk">The Genetic Spectrum: More Than One Way to Measure Risk</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/acs-recommendations.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Standard screening guidelines</a> already note that some people who are at higher risk (for example, due to a family history or having certain health conditions) should have their first colonoscopy before age 45. But many people don&#8217;t know they have higher risk, and genetics can unlock some of that knowledge. 23andMe offers a tiered look at your genetic risk to help you and your doctor move from a one-size-fits-all approach to more precise prevention.</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>The MUTYH Report:</strong> Our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/mutyh-associated-polyposis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MUTYH-Associated Polyposis Genetic Health Risk</a>* report looks at specific variants in the <em>MUTYH</em> gene linked to a particular form of hereditary colorectal cancer. While having two variants significantly increases risk, even carriers of a single variant might benefit from sharing that information with their healthcare provider.</li>



<li><strong>High-Impact Variants:</strong> Particularly impactful genetic variants can also be found through sequencing, such as the clinician-ordered exome sequencing available through our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Total Health</a>™ service. This looks at over 100 high-impact genes, including some associated with significantly increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (specifically related to Lynch syndrome, MUTYH-associated polyposis, and APC-associated polyposis).</li>



<li><strong>Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS):</strong> Most cancer risk isn&#8217;t caused by a single variant or gene, but by the combined effect of thousands of small genetic variations. Our <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/three-new-prs-cancer-reports" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorectal Cancer PRS</a>** report uses these markers to calculate whether you have an increased genetic likelihood for the most common forms of the disease.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closing-the-data-gap-equity-in-research">Closing the Data Gap: Equity in Research</h2>



<p>Precision medicine works best when the science behind it reflects the diversity of the people it serves. Historically, genetic research has been disproportionately centered on people of European descent. This has created a gap that we are working to close.</p>



<p>The stakes are especially high for the Black community. Black and African Americans are <a href="https://colorectalcancer.org/basics/facts-and-statistics" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">15% more likely to develop colorectal cancer and 35</a><a href="https://colorectalcancer.org/basics/facts-and-statistics">% more likely to die</a> from it than non-Hispanic white Americans.</p>



<p>Science shouldn&#8217;t have a blind spot like this. We have an <a href="https://www.23andme.com/genetic-insights-into-colorectal-cancer-black-community/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ongoing study</a> specifically designed to improve our Colorectal Cancer PRS report for our Black and African American members. Because of our currently limited data, the PRS driving this report failed to meet our performance standards for members of certain communities; these members are thus not able to receive a personalized genetic result. This study hopes to change that. Our goal is to work toward a future where preventive medicine is equitable and accurate for all.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-control-of-your-timeline">Taking Control of Your Timeline</h2>



<p>Colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, and when caught early it&#8217;s often more treatable. By understanding your genetic predisposition you’re equipping yourself with the knowledge needed to help lead the conversation with your doctor. Whether you are 25 or 55, knowing your risk allows you to advocate for the screenings you may need.</p>



<div style="width: 100%;margin: 0 auto;text-align: justify;background-color: #eee;padding: 15px">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>



<p>* The 23andMe PGS test uses qualitative genotyping to detect select clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva for the purpose of reporting and interpreting genetic health risks, including the 23andMe PGS Genetic Health Risk Report for MUTYH-Associated Polyposis. Your ethnicity may affect the relevance of each report and how your genetic health risk results are interpreted. The test is not intended to diagnose any disease and does not describe a person’s overall risk of developing any type of cancer. It is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication, how much of a medication you should take, or determine any treatments. <strong>Warnings &amp; Limitations</strong>: The 23andMe PGS Genetic Health Risk Report for MUTYH-Associated Polyposis is indicated for reporting the Y179C and G396D variants in the MUTYH gene and an increased risk for colorectal cancer.  The two variants included in this report are most common in people of Northern European descent.  This report does not include variants in other genes linked to hereditary cancers and the absence of variants included in this report does not rule out the presence of other genetic variants that may impact cancer risk. The PGS test is not a substitute for visits to a healthcare professional for recommended screenings or appropriate follow-up. Results should be confirmed in a clinical setting before taking any medical action. For important information and limitations regarding genetic health risk reports, visit  <a href="https://www.23andme.com/test-info" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.23andme.com/test-info</a>.</p>



<p>** The 23andMe Colorectal Cancer PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 1,700 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of experiencing colorectal cancer. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Colorectal Cancer PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.</p>


Sr. Manager, Product Science

Alisa Lehman

Why Genetics Are the New Baseline for Colorectal Cancer Prevention





<p>High on a vertical cliff face on the Yun-Gui Plateau of southwest China, you can find the entrance to Pingtang Cave. For centuries, this remote site held a somber secret: the remains of dozens of individuals scattered within its deepest, oxygen-poor reaches.</p>



<p>Now, thanks to a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2025.106459" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new study</a> published in the <em>Journal of Archaeological Science</em> earlier this year, the stories of these individuals are coming to light. This month, 23andMe is adding four individuals from this cliff-side site to our <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-historic-matches" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Historical Matches</a><sup>SM</sup> feature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-landscape-in-transition">A Landscape in Transition</h2>



<p>During the 14th century, the Yun-Gui Plateau was a region of immense cultural and political transformation. As the Ming Dynasty sought to consolidate power and expand its borders into the southwest, the area became a frontier of conflict. The rugged karst landscape, characterized by its towering limestone cliffs and deep river valleys, served as both a strategic stronghold for the military and a vital sanctuary for local communities caught in the crossfire of imperial expansion.</p>



<p>Historically known for its incredible ethnolinguistic diversity, the plateau was home to various indigenous groups who had inhabited these mountains for millennia. The transition between the Late Yuan and Early Ming periods in the 14th century brought an influx of new people and upheavals in local government, creating a complex social tapestry. For the families found in Pingtang Cave, these remote, high-altitude caverns were not just geological features—they were essential places of refuge during a time of profound uncertainty.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-refuge-not-a-cemetery">A Refuge, Not a Cemetery</h2>



<p>When researchers first investigated Pingtang Cave, they quickly realized this was no ordinary burial ground. Unlike traditional sites of the era, there were no coffins, no grave goods, and no signs of formal interment. Instead, the skeletons were found in the deepest recesses of the cave, far from the light of the entrance.</p>



<p>While most of the group appeared to be healthy prior to entering the cave, the genetic analysis revealed that one individual was suffering from paratyphoid fever, caused by the bacterium <em>Salmonella enterica</em>. Her genome also revealed that her parents were likely closely related, perhaps as closely as second cousins, a finding that provides unique insight into the social and mating structures of isolated plateau communities during this era.</p>



<p>The lack of physical trauma or signs of violence ruled out a massacre, while the absence of a widespread plague suggested something else entirely. Researchers believe these families fled to the cave to escape external conflict, perhaps the unrest of the Ming Dynasty’s expansion into the region, only to succumb to the low oxygen of the cave&#8217;s deepest chambers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-families-of-pingtang-cave">The Families of Pingtang Cave</h2>



<p>The genetic data reveals that those who fled to the cave were not strangers; they were a tightly-knit community of relatives. Most of these individuals shared the same maternal lineage (haplogroup M7b1a1), suggesting that the group was a multi-generational family, who were connected through a shared maternal lineage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-heritage">A Window into Heritage</h2>



<p>All of the members of this group shared a similar ancestral profile, characterized by a mixture of ancient northern and southern East Asian ancestry. This genetic signature persists today in the present-day inhabitants of southwest China, bridging the gap between the people living during the transition into the Ming Dynasty and the modern world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learn-more">Learn More</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members can now explore whether they share a genetic link to these ancient Chinese individuals, and hundreds of others, through the Historical Matches feature.</p>


New Historical Matches Could Connect You to a 600 Year Old Mystery in Southwest China


<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reflections-for-science-education-day"><em>Reflections for Science Education Day</em></h5>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000;border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>As direct-to-consumer genetic testing becomes mainstream, specialized training in consumer genomics is essential for genetic counselors to help patients contextualize and act on their findings.</li>
<li>Beyond direct patient care, genetic counselors are uniquely positioned to educate other healthcare professionals on interpreting consumer genetic data, ensuring accurate integration into clinical practice.</li>
<li>Advancing education for both the public and medical professionals is fundamental to ensuring that genetic insights are applied responsibly, accurately, and effectively in a genomics-informed healthcare system, where genetic information can help provide additional context about a patient and support more personalized care.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>When I was invited to contribute a chapter on direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing to <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-genetic-counseling-9780190069964?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Oxford Handbook of Genetic Counseling</em></a>, it gave me the opportunity to reflect on how the genetics landscape has evolved and the important role education plays in helping both healthcare professionals and the public navigate it.</p>



<p>Each year on March 14, Science Education Day highlights the importance of making scientific knowledge accessible and meaningful for society. In genetics, this goal has become increasingly important as more people gain direct access to their own genetic information.</p>



<p>Today, millions of individuals have explored their DNA through DTC genetic testing. As a result, healthcare professionals increasingly encounter patients who arrive with genetic results in hand, and questions about what those results mean for their health.</p>



<p>For genetic counselors, understanding this evolving landscape is essential.</p>



<p>The inclusion of DTC testing in <em>The Oxford Handbook of Genetic Counseling</em> reflects how consumer genomics has become an established part of the broader genetics and healthcare ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Why DTC Genetic Testing Matters for Genetic Counselors</strong></h2>



<p>Direct-to-consumer genetic testing has expanded access to genetic information and changed how many people first encounter genetics. For some individuals, their first exposure to genetics may come not in a clinic, but through a consumer test ordered online from companies like 23andMe.</p>



<p>This shift creates new opportunities, and new responsibilities, for healthcare professionals.</p>



<p>Genetic counselors are uniquely positioned to help individuals understand what genetic results can and cannot tell us. They help place findings in the context of personal and family health history, clarify the limitations of testing, and guide next steps when clinical follow-up is needed.</p>



<p>As consumer genomics becomes more integrated into healthcare conversations, it is increasingly important that genetic counselors are prepared to navigate these discussions. Education about DTC genetic testing — including how results are generated, the types of health and non-health information consumers receive, how these tests differ from clinical testing, and what motivates individuals to pursue testing — is becoming an important component of genetic counseling training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Genetic Counselors as Educators in Healthcare</strong></h2>



<p>Genetic counselors play another critical role beyond direct patient care: they are educators within the healthcare system.</p>



<p>As genetics becomes relevant across many areas of medicine, physicians and other healthcare professionals increasingly encounter genetic information in their practice. Yet many clinicians received limited formal training in genomics during their medical education.</p>



<p>In some cases, genetic information can provide additional context about an individual&#8217;s risk factors, helping clinicians and patients think more proactively about prevention, screening, and more personalized approaches to care.</p>



<p>Genetic counselors often help bridge this gap, educating clinicians on how to interpret genetic information, understand its limitations, and apply it appropriately in patient care.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Expanding Genetics Education for a Genomic Era</strong></h2>



<p>The growing intersection of consumer genomics, clinical care, and population-level genetic screening highlights a broader need: expanding genetics education for multiple audiences.</p>



<p>At the 23andMe Research Institute, we are working to support this goal through initiatives like the <a href="https://education.23andme.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Genetics Learning Hub</strong></a>, which currently provides accessible learning resources for the general public and will expand to include resources for healthcare professionals. These structured educational modules are designed to help people better understand how genetics influences health and how genetic information can be used responsibly.</p>



<p>Efforts like these reflect a broader priority across the field: ensuring that both the public and healthcare professionals have the knowledge needed to interpret and apply genetic information in an increasingly genomics-informed healthcare landscape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Role of Education in Responsible Genomics</strong></h2>



<p>Science Education Day serves as a reminder that scientific discovery alone is not enough, people must also have the knowledge and tools to understand and apply that science.</p>



<p>In genomics, this means ensuring that healthcare professionals are prepared to interpret and communicate genetic information responsibly. As more people access their genetic information through consumer testing, expanding genetics education across the healthcare workforce — including genetic counselors — will remain essential to helping individuals understand and appropriately use genetic insights in their healthcare decisions.</p>



Anne Greb

Why Consumer Genomics Belongs in Genetic Counseling Education


<p>23andMe&#8217;s blog offers genetics news, customers stories, and articles about research. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="333" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Blog-Logo-e1521071249823.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-26081" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Blog-Logo-e1521071249823.jpg 600w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Blog-Logo-e1521071249823-300x167.jpg 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Blog-Logo-e1521071249823-271x149.jpg 271w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<h1 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blog-insights">Blog Insights</h1>



<p>23andMe is the only DTC DNA testing company with FDA authorization. Our blog gives readers a chance to learn more about genetic testing and science. Along with learning about science and research, we offer up tips and insights into the products and what you can learn by using 23andMe.</p>


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