
<p><em>By</em> <em>Ruth Tennen, Ph.D.</em>, <em>and Alisa Lehman, Ph.D.</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td><h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>For people with Raynaud’s syndrome, small blood vessels in the fingers and toes narrow too much in response to cold or stress, which can cause the skin to change color and feel cold and numb.</li>
<li>Raynaud’s syndrome has a strong genetic component. 23andMe’s new Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) Report analyzes over 2,000 genetic variants to provide a personalized estimate of your likelihood of having the condition.</li>
<li>While genetics play a major role, other factors like climate, repetitive hand motions, and certain underlying health conditions can also influence your likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s. Individuals can manage symptoms by dressing in layers, exercising regularly to improve circulation, and limiting triggers like nicotine and caffeine.
</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>At the 23andMe Research Institute, our mission has always been to turn complex genetic data into meaningful health insights. Today, we are excited to announce the latest addition to our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ membership: the Raynaud&#8217;s Syndrome Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) Report*, which provides an estimate of an individual&#8217;s likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s. Understanding your genetic predisposition can be helpful in taking proactive steps to identifying and managing symptoms of Raynaud&#8217;s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-of-raynaud-s">Genetics of Raynaud&#8217;s</h2>



<p>Raynaud&#8217;s syndrome is a condition where small blood vessels in the fingers and toes react more strongly than usual to cold or stress. During a Raynaud&#8217;s attack these blood vessels narrow, which temporarily limits blood flow. Skin may change color to white and blue as blood flow decreases and then to red as blood flow returns. For those with darker skin tones, the skin may become pale and then dark purple. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="612" height="252" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Raynauds-hero.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34890" style="width:348px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Raynauds-hero.png 612w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Raynauds-hero-300x124.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px" /></figure>



<p>In the U.S. up to 5% of people have Raynaud&#8217;s syndrome, and genetics is known to be a strong contributor. A recent large-scale <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39142284/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified eight locations in the genome</a> associated with Raynaud&#8217;s. These genes play important roles in the body&#8217;s stress response, the immune system, and the cells lining blood vessels, providing insights into the biological basis of Raynaud&#8217;s and why some people are more likely than others to have the condition.</p>



<p>23andMe researchers independently investigated if it was possible to build a polygenic risk score (PRS) for Raynaud&#8217;s. A PRS is a statistical model that uses information from many genetic markers across the genome to estimate an individual&#8217;s likelihood of having a condition. Researchers were able to generate a PRS that analyzes more than 2,000 genetic variants to estimate the likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s syndrome. This PRS, which powers 23andMe&#8217;s Raynaud&#8217;s Syndrome report, is the product of rigorous genetic research built upon a cycle of discovery driven by data from more than 3 million consented research participants. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-genetics-risk-factors">Beyond Genetics: Risk Factors</h2>



<p>While your DNA plays a role, several other factors can increase your likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s, including:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Birth sex and climate:</strong> Raynaud&#8217;s is more common in women and those living in colder regions.</li>



<li><strong>Certain health conditions and </strong><strong>medications</strong><strong>: </strong>Conditions such as scleroderma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and certain blood vessel diseases can increase risk of secondary Raynaud&#8217;s, which is caused by another underlying health condition or other external factor. So can some medications used for high blood pressure, migraine, and ADHD.</li>



<li><strong>Work environment:</strong> Frequent use of vibrating tools or repetitive hand motions (like typing or playing piano) can increase risk for Raynaud&#8217;s.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-action">Taking Action</h2>



<p>While you can&#8217;t change your DNA, understanding your genetics can empower you to manage your environment. If you experience Raynaud&#8217;s symptoms, experts recommend:</p>



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Dress in layers and wear mittens when it&#8217;s cold outside, and take steps to stay warm even in air-conditioned rooms or frozen food aisles.</li>



<li>Try warming up your car for a minute before driving, and use insulated cups for cold drinks to avoid sudden temperature shifts.</li>



<li>Exercise regularly to improve overall blood flow, which can reduce the frequency and severity of Raynaud&#8217;s attacks.</li>



<li>Limit caffeine and nicotine. Both substances can narrow blood vessels and make Raynaud&#8217;s symptoms worse.</li>



<li>Since stress can also be a trigger, practices like meditation or deep breathing can help keep attacks at bay.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discover-your-genetic-predisposition">Discover Your Genetic Predisposition</h2>



<p>The Raynaud&#8217;s Syndrome PRS report was made possible thanks to millions of consented 23andMe participants who contribute to research. This collaborative effort empowers 23andMe scientists to uncover new genetic insights, deliver personalized information to our members, and potentially help identify future treatments for people to live more comfortably.</p>



<p>If you are a 23andMe+ Premium member, you can now access your Raynaud’s Syndrome PRS Report (along with your other Health Predisposition reports) to see how your genetics influence your chances of having this condition.</p>



<p><em>Note: Due to limited data, the PRS driving this report failed to meet our performance standards for members of East and Southeast Asian descent, and members from these ancestries are not able to receive a personalized genetic result at this time. We hope with additional data and research we may be able to provide these members a result in the future.</em></p>



<p>* The 23andMe Raynaud’s Syndrome PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 2,000 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of experiencing Raynaud’s syndrome. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Raynaud’s Syndrome PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Authors</h4>
<p><strong>Ruth Tennen</strong>, Ph.D. — Senior Product Scientist
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Ruth Tennen is a scientist at the 23andMe Research Institute, where she translates genetic discoveries into clear, accurate health reports for 23andMe members. Her work centers on making these insights accessible and relevant to everyone, especially communities that are often underrepresented in genetic research. Alongside her work on reports, she loves creating educational content and talking with the public about genetics. Dr. Tennen holds an A.B. in Molecular Biology from Princeton and a Ph.D. in Cancer Biology from Stanford. Before coming to 23andMe, she worked at the State Department and as a lecturer at Stanford.</p>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>



<p></p>


23andMe Blog

23andMe Blog Team

Understanding Your Genetic Likelihood for Raynaud’s Syndrome


<p><em>Note this post has been updated since it was first published in January 2025</em></p>



<p>When it comes to longevity, does it matter more whether you have &#8220;good genes&#8221; or &#8220;good habits?&#8221; While the factors that influence how long we live are complex and varied, the combination of the genetics you&#8217;re born with and the choices you make play a key role in your overall lifespan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-lives-longer">Who lives longer?</h2>



<p>It’s no surprise that people who live longer often avoid or <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212787/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delay major age-related diseases</a>. To increase your chances of adding more healthy years, focus on these <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065710/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eight key healthy behaviors</a>:</p>



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Participating in physical activity</li>



<li>Getting restorative sleep</li>



<li>Eating a balanced diet</li>



<li>Managing stress</li>



<li>Maintaining strong social connections&nbsp;</li>



<li>Avoiding smoking</li>



<li>Limiting alcohol consumption&nbsp;</li>



<li>Avoiding opioid use&nbsp;</li>
</ol>



<p>These behaviors can help delay and prevent disease, and also contribute to overall well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-genetics">What about genetics?</h2>



<p>Not surprisingly, your genes play an important role in longevity. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41610249/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Some estimates</a> are that up to around 50% of lifespan can be attributed to genetics (in particular when you exclude &#8220;extrinsic&#8221; causes of death, such as accidents or infections). Avoiding age-related diseases is a key factor in longevity, so genetic variants that protect against disease (or at least don&#8217;t increase your risk) are often associated with longer lifespan. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-apoe-in-longevity">The role of APOE in longevity</h3>



<p>One of the most clear and consistent genetic links with longevity is in the <em>APOE</em> gene. While the well known <em>e</em>4 variant increases the risk for <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30060062/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">late-onset Alzheimer&#8217;s disease</a>, the <em>e</em>2 variant of this gene is <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30060062/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">associated with a longer lifespan</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-longevity-genes">Other longevity genes</h3>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31413261/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Several</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30642433/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> have found other genes connected to longevity, including the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18765803/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FOXO3 gene</a>, which is often seen in studies of people who live very long lives. However, many of these studies were done with small groups or focused only on people of European ancestry. It&#8217;s still unclear how genetics could be used to directly predict who might live longer. While predicting exact lifespan is complex, understanding your genetics can help you take proactive steps toward a healthier life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-genetics-and-lifestyle">Combining genetics and lifestyle</h2>



<p>While genetics can influence your predisposition to certain diseases, combining genetic and lifestyle information can provide a fuller picture of disease risk. It can also help motivate and focus your efforts to prevent those diseases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, in the <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/stay-on-track-with-23andme-health-tracks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium Health Tracks</a><sup>SM</sup> feature, you can see how a healthy lifestyle can reduce your chances of developing a health condition even if you have an increased genetic predisposition for that condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-takeaways-on-longevity">Key takeaways on longevity</h2>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>While having &#8220;good genes&#8221; may give you some advantages, the<strong> healthy habits</strong> you adopt play a significant role in determining how long and how well you live.</li>



<li>Understanding your <strong>genetic predispositions</strong> can help you take proactive steps to prevent disease, and that&#8217;s the key to living more healthy years.</li>
</ul>



<p><em>*The 23andMe PGS test uses qualitative genotyping to detect select clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva to report and interpret genetic health risks. It is not intended to diagnose any disease. Your ethnicity may affect the relevance of each report and how your genetic health risk results are interpreted. Each genetic health risk report describes if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing a disease but does not describe a person’s overall risk of developing the disease. The test is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication, how much of a medication you should take, or determine any treatment.</em></p>



<p><em>The Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease genetic health risk report is indicated for reporting of the e4 variant in the APOE gene. It describes if a person has a variant associated with an increased risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. The e4 variant included in this report is found and has been studied in many ethnicities. Detailed risk estimates have been studied the most in people of European descent.</em></p>


How genetics and lifestyle shape longevity




<p>January is National Blood Donor Month, a time dedicated to recognizing the life-saving impact of blood donation and the importance of understanding our blood health. While many of us know about blood types like A, B, or O, there are actually <a href="https://www.isbtweb.org/resource/tableofbloodgroupsystems.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dozens of different blood group systems</a> all determined by your genetics.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-of-blood-types">Genetics of Blood Types</h2>



<p>Your blood type is determined by which antigens, complex molecules like proteins or sugars, sit on the surface of your red blood cells. Many of these antigens act as biological &#8220;nametags,&#8221; allowing your immune system to identify your cells as &#8220;self&#8221; rather than &#8220;foreign.&#8221; Your genetics determine which antigens you produce.</p>



<p>The A and B antigens are what determine if someone has the familiar A, B, AB, or O <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood types</a>. However, there are hundreds of unique antigens. Patients who may need to receive frequent blood transfusions (for example, people with <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity/african-american-blood-donors.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sickle cell disease</a>) may need as close a match as possible to these various antigens. This is one of the reasons why it is important to have as many <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse blood donors</a> as possible.</p>



<p>In addition to helping others via blood donation, having certain antigen variations can have a profound impact on how your health is managed. One of the most significant, yet often overlooked, is the Duffy antigen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-duffy-antigen-a-genetic-clue-in-your-blood">The Duffy Antigen: A Genetic Clue in Your Blood</h2>



<p>The Duffy antigen gene (ACKR1) provides instructions for making the Duffy antigen. A specific genetic variant in this gene stops that antigen from being made on certain cells in the body. People who have two copies of this genetic variant don&#8217;t have any Duffy antigen on their red blood cells and are said to be &#8220;Duffy null.&#8221; Duffy null status is very common among people of African descent: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994632/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nearly 70%</a> of Black and African Americans are Duffy null.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it&#8217;s believed that Duffy null status originally evolved to provide protection against certain types of malaria (the <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> malaria parasite depends on the Duffy antigen to be able to infect red blood cells), it also affects another part of your blood: your white blood cell count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-low-is-actually-normal">When &#8220;Low&#8221; is Actually Normal</h2>



<p>When you get blood work done, laboratories compare your results to reference ranges to determine if your levels are &#8220;normal,&#8221; &#8220;high,&#8221; or &#8220;low.&#8221; One common test measures neutrophils, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting infections. However, these reference ranges are often based on populations where Duffy null status is rare — meaning they don&#8217;t necessarily reflect what is &#8220;normal&#8221; for everyone.</p>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994632/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nearly 25%</a> of healthy Black and African Americans with Duffy null status have neutrophil counts that fall below the standard &#8220;normal&#8221; range. They <strong>do not</strong> have an increased risk for <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32959868/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infection</a> or <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825822/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other health problems</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Because blood testing labs typically don&#8217;t account for Duffy status, the impact on the Black community is significant: Overall, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994632/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more than 15%</a> of all Black and African Americans have counts that may be flagged as &#8220;too low.&#8221;</p>



<p>When these natural genetic variations are ignored, individuals can be misdiagnosed with neutropenia (abnormally low neutrophil counts). This label can set off a chain reaction of <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/the-duffy-antigen-gene-a-clue-behind-white-blood-cell-differences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">downstream harms</a> that affect quality of care, including unnecessary testing, exclusion from clinical trials, and delayed or reduced access to certain medications.</p>



<p>As Dr. Lauren Merz, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology at the University of Michigan, who provided expert feedback on the 23andMe White Blood Cell Count (Duffy Antigen-Related) report, said: </p>



<p><strong>“I’ve seen patients that are told that they might have cancer, go through painful bone marrow biopsies, miss out on joining clinical trials, or have critical medications like chemotherapy discontinued simply because their white blood cell counts were interpreted without understanding their Duffy status.”</strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalizing-your-health-care">Personalizing Your Health Care</h2>



<p>This National Blood Donor Month, as we recognize the importance of blood types for transfusion, it is equally important to recognize how genetic markers like Duffy shape our personal health journey.</p>



<p>Knowing your Duffy status empowers you to have a more informed conversation with your doctor. By viewing your blood test results through the lens of your unique genetics, you can avoid unnecessary testing and ensure you’re getting the most effective, personalized care possible.</p>



<p>Interested in donating blood this National Blood Donor Month? Visit the <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Red Cross website</a> to check your eligibility and find a donation center near you.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>23andMe+ Premium</em></a><em>™ members can learn about their Duffy status in the White Blood Cell Count (Duffy Antigen-Related) report.</em></p>



<div style="float: center;text-align: justified;width: 700px;background-color: #eee;padding: 15px">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>



<p></p>


Sr. Manager, Product Science

Alisa Lehman

Beyond A, B, and O: Your Genetics and Blood Type


<p>Everything we do at the 23andMe Research Institute starts with our amazing community of consented research participants. The data they share helps our scientists uncover new insights about genetics, across health and ancestry, pushing science forward in ways that we hope can benefit different communities, researchers, and future generations. These discoveries are also returned to our members in the form of new reports and features: from more detailed ancestry breakdowns to new health reports on a variety of conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With that spirit of discovery in mind, here are some of the new reports and product features that our consented research participants and expert scientists helped to make happen in 2025.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-genetic-health-amp-wellness-reports-and-features">New Genetic Health &amp; Wellness Reports and Features</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="960" height="353" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34664" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic.png 960w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic-300x110.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic-768x282.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic-880x324.png 880w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /></figure>



<p>This year, consented 23andMe research participants, along with our groundbreaking research platform, delivered new polygenic risk score (PRS) reports to our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members, offering deeper insights into complex health conditions.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetics-may-explain-why-some-athletes-are-more-prone-to-acl-tears"><strong>ACL Tear</strong></a></td><td>Shows how a person&#8217;s genetics may influence their likelihood of experiencing an ACL tear, an injury common in high-impact sports.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/menopause-isnt-just-for-later-what-you-should-know-now"><strong>Early Menopause</strong></a></td><td>Offers insights to female members into the genetic predisposition for experiencing natural menopause before age 45.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/could-your-painful-periods-be-endometriosis-heres-what-you-should-know"><strong>Endometriosis</strong></a></td><td>Helps female members understand their genetic likelihood of developing endometriosis, a common condition that often takes years to diagnose.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/acid-attack-unraveling-the-genetics-of-gerd"><strong>GERD</strong></a></td><td>Provides insight into the genetics of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that impacts around 20% of people in the U.S.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/osteoporosis-report"><strong>Osteoporosis</strong></a></td><td>Estimates an individual&#8217;s genetic likelihood of developing low bone density.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-report-on-severe-morning-sickness"><strong>Severe Morning Sickness</strong></a></td><td>Allows female members to assess their genetic likelihood of experiencing severe morning sickness during pregnancy.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>We also answered the call from our members to provide more information about MTHFR as well as genetic differences that can impact health disparities.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/our-take-on-the-mthfr-gene"><strong>Homocysteine (MTHFR-Related)</strong></a></td><td>Examines common variants in the MTHFR gene associated with slightly increased homocysteine levels in the blood.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/the-duffy-antigen-gene-a-clue-behind-white-blood-cell-differences"><strong>White Blood Cell Count (Duffy Antigen-Related)</strong></a></td><td>Raises awareness about the Duffy null genotype, which is common among people with African ancestry and leads to naturally lower white blood cell counts. Understanding this can help prevent misdiagnoses and unnecessary follow-up testing.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-health-beyond-dna"><br>Expanding Health Beyond DNA</h3>



<p>We further expanded our integrated health offerings to include expanded direct access to blood testing services (where available), including the <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-expands-blood-testing-biological-age">Biological Age Panel</a>. This allows members to get a more complete health picture by combining genetic and real-time health data.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-ancestry-updates">Major Ancestry Updates</h2>



<p>2025 brought the most significant update ever to our Ancestry Composition report, expanding granularity and increasing accuracy across the globe. Members can now see if they have connections to more than 4,500 geographic regions, the most comprehensive ancestry breakdown on the market.</p>



<p><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/ancestry-composition-version-7-is-here" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Ancestry Composition v7.0</strong></a> was a major overhaul, adding 33 new European populations and 6 new Indigenous American populations to our Ancestry Composition breakdown. Thanks to a new DNA phasing pipeline and a new method for refining reference panels, the update also improved accuracy for other regions of the world. Finally, a new chromosome painting method&nbsp; eliminated &#8220;Broadly&#8221; and &#8220;Unassigned&#8221; categories in the default view.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="508" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1024x508.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34636" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1024x508.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-300x149.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-768x381.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-880x437.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1180x586.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>We also added more than 800 new Genetic Groups this year. These updates were available to all 23andMe members, with additional features (such as <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/discover-distant-genetic-groups-with-23andme-premium" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Distant Genetic Groups</a>) for 23andMe+ Premium members.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-groups-in-eastern-europe" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Eastern European Genetic Groups</strong></a></td><td>Introduces Genetic Groups for people with ancestry in Belarus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/european-diaspora-genetic-groups-update" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>European Diaspora</strong></a> <strong><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetic-groups-french-german-us-canada" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Genetic Groups</a></strong></td><td>Adds new Genetic Groups for people of European descent who settled in the U.S., Canada, and South Africa.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/a-new-era-for-african-genetic-groups-at-23andme" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Expanded African Genetic Groups</strong></a></td><td>Expands from 25 to over 250 Genetic Groups across Sub-Saharan Africa, offering significantly more detail and precision for members in the African diaspora.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-groups-in-china-korea-mongolia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Genetic Groups in China, Korea, Mongolia</strong></a></td><td>Expands Genetic Groups in East Asia, providing matches for members with ancestry from China, Korea, and Mongolia.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetic-groups-south-asia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>South Asian Genetic Groups</strong></a></td><td>Adds more detail to Genetic Groups in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Afghanistan.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-matches">Historical Matches</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="393" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-1024x393.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34662" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-1024x393.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-300x115.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-768x295.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-880x338.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-1180x453.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1.png 1668w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>The <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-historic-matches">Historical Matches</a><sup>SM</sup> feature continued to expand with over 275 new individuals added, connecting 23andMe+ Premium members to ancient and notable figures from diverse eras and regions.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-ancient-china" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Ancient China</strong></a></td><td>Adds fifty-six new Historical Matches from three recent studies of ancient China, offering connections to populations like those in Shandong Province and Chang’an.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-to-cheddar-man-and-britains-earliest-farmers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Cheddar Man and Early Farmers in Britain</strong></a></td><td>Allows members to explore how the transition to farming transformed ancient Britain through 18 ancient individuals, including the famous Cheddar Man.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-beyond-an-xx-or-xy-binary" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Chromosome Number Diversity in the Past</strong></a></td><td>Adds historical matches based on a 2024 study identifying ancient individuals in Britain with sex chromosome variations (aneuploidies).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-african-american-us-mexico" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Early Colonial Africans in Mexico &amp; Individuals from Catoctin Furnace</strong></a></td><td>Expands the Historical Matches feature to include 16 new historical African and African American individuals from Catoctin Furnace (U.S.) and colonial Mexico.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-from-early-medieval-france" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Early Medieval France</strong></a></td><td>Features individuals from early medieval France, highlighting evidence of migration from Great Britain, Ireland, and North Africa in shaping the region&#8217;s demography.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-connect-to-erik-the-reds-home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Erik the Red&#8217;s Homestead</strong></a></td><td>Adds four new individuals from the Viking Age settlement of Brattahlid, the homestead of Erik the Red, to the Historical Matches feature.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-a-lineage-of-iron-age-celtic-women-in-britain" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Iron Age Celtic Women</strong></a></td><td>Adds matches to a lineage of Iron Age Celtic women in Britain, suggesting a matrilocal society.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-to-medieval-iberians" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Medieval Iberians</strong></a></td><td>Adds individuals from Las Gobas, a medieval site in northern Spain, revealing insights into a small, isolated Christian community.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-may-link-you-to-named-historical-figures" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Named Historical Figures</strong></a></td><td>Includes DNA matches for notable individuals like George Bähr (German architect) and Bishop Peder Winstrup (Swedish bishop).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-ancient-irish-elite" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Neolithic Ireland</strong></a></td><td>Adds individuals connected to an elite, megalithic society in Neolithic Ireland that built passage tombs over 5,000 years ago.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-the-mysterious-skeletons-of-roopkund-lake" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>The Mystery of Roopkund Lake</strong></a></td><td>Features genetic analysis of skeletons from Roopkund Lake, revealing three distinct groups with South Asian, Eastern Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian ancestries.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-to-europes-viking-age" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Viking Age Europe</strong></a></td><td>Adds 23 individuals from sites across Europe and Greenland to study the genetic diversity of the Viking Age.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-we-continue-to-deliver-cutting-edge-ancestry-science-nbsp">We continue to deliver cutting-edge ancestry science&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This year we also improved the DNA Relatives features with <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/update-to-dna-relatives" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two new updates</a>: improved relationship prediction estimates and the HybridIBD™ algorithm. These updates dramatically enhance the accuracy of DNA Relatives predictions, in particular benefiting members with diverse ancestries.</p>



<p>Finally we recently launched Reconstructed Ancestors to 23andMe+ Premium <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013592713-23andMe-Beta-Testing-Program?_gl=1%2Aqni4iy%2A_ga%2ANjA0MDE5NzczLjE3NTE0NzQwNTA.%2A_ga_G330GF3ZFF%2AczE3NTU4ODE1NjQkbzUwJGcxJHQxNzU1ODgxNzAzJGo2MCRsMCRoMA.." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beta testers</a>. This early feature uses a highly advanced algorithm along with your DNA and the DNA from relatives on your Family Tree, to piece together the ancestry composition of ungenotyped parents, grandparents and eventually other ancestors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-year-of-insight-and-connection">A Year of Insight and Connection</h2>



<p>2025 gave us the opportunity to bring a wealth of new insights and features to our members, and the cycle of discovery isn’t slowing down thanks to the continued participation of our research community. As we look ahead to 2026, we’re excited to push genetic science even further, expanding what’s possible and continuing to build a more inclusive, accurate, and empowering experience for everyone on their journey of self-discovery. The best is yet to come.</p>


From Research to Real Insights: 23andMe’s New Product Features for 2025


<p>Imagine a burning sensation in your chest, a sour taste that just won&#8217;t go away, or a nagging feeling that you have a lump in your throat. This can be the reality for <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38022211/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">approximately 20% of people in the U.S.</a> who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). More than just occasional heartburn, GERD is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently backs up into the esophagus, and can cause discomfort, damage, and sometimes serious long-term health risks.</p>



<p>At the 23andMe Research Institute, we&#8217;re diving deep into the science behind this widespread disorder. Thanks to the invaluable contributions of consented research participants, we&#8217;ve begun to unravel the genetics behind who may be more susceptible to GERD. We&#8217;ve identified over 8,000 genetic markers associated with the condition and used them to estimate the likelihood of developing GERD. <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ and <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Total Health</a>™ members can now see their likelihood in the new Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)* PRS report.&nbsp;</p>



<p>But while genetics can set the stage, other factors also contribute to the performance. Read on to explore what GERD is, its potential long-term consequences, and the combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that impact the chances of living with this disruptive digestive condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-reflux-becomes-chronic">What Happens When Reflux Becomes Chronic?</h2>



<p>While occasional acid reflux is uncomfortable but generally harmless, when it occurs at least twice a week for several weeks, it may be diagnosed as GERD. Over the long term, prolonged and frequent acid exposure can lead to more serious complications, including:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Esophagitis:</strong> Inflammation of the esophagus, which can cause pain and difficulty swallowing.</li>



<li><strong>Esophageal Strictures:</strong> Scarring, leading to a narrowing of the esophagus that complicates swallowing.</li>



<li><strong>Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus:</strong> In some individuals, changes in the tissue lining the esophagus can happen, leading to slightly higher chances of developing esophageal cancer.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-risk-factors">Understanding Risk Factors</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genetic-component">The Genetic Component</h3>



<p>Genetics plays a significant role in a person’s likelihood of developing GERD.</p>



<p>Through more than three million consented 23andMe research participants, we were able to identify over 8,000 genetic markers associated with GERD and develop and deliver a polygenic score back to members. A polygenic score is a statistical model that uses information from many genetic markers across the genome to estimate an individual&#8217;s likelihood of developing a common condition.</p>



<p>The willingness of our participants to contribute to research is critical to this work. As more people participate, we will seek to update our results and estimates over time as the model, available data, or scientific understanding of GERD improves.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-factors">Other Factors</h3>



<p>Several other factors can also increase the likelihood of developing GERD or worsen its symptoms:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Age:</strong> GERD becomes more common as people get older, particularly after age 50.</li>



<li><strong>Pregnancy:</strong> Hormonal changes and the increased pressure on the abdomen from a growing fetus can make GERD more likely during pregnancy.</li>



<li><strong>Certain Medications:</strong> Some medications are known to increase GERD risk or exacerbate symptoms. These include certain drugs for high blood pressure, depression, and asthma, as well as some over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen and aspirin.</li>



<li><strong>Certain Health Conditions:</strong> Conditions that alter the structure or function of the digestive system can contribute to GERD. These include:
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Connective tissue diseases</li>



<li>Anatomical differences at birth</li>



<li>Hiatal hernia: A condition where a part of the stomach pushes upward through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-insight-to-action">From Insight to Action</h2>



<p>Understanding the science behind GERD, from the mechanics of acid reflux to the influence of genetics, is one step toward better health. Experts agree that healthy lifestyle habits — including maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding foods and drinks that worsen symptoms, and eating smaller, more frequent meals — are powerful tools to manage or significantly reduce the severity of GERD symptoms. If you are concerned about your genetics, whether you may have GERD, or have a personal or family history of GERD, a healthcare professional may be able to help.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By combining the knowledge of genetic predisposition with these practical, everyday adjustments, those suffering with GERD can take a significant step towards minimizing the disruptive impact and protecting their long-term digestive health.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="612" height="252" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PRS-Hero-GERD.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34619" style="width:321px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PRS-Hero-GERD.png 612w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/PRS-Hero-GERD-300x124.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px" /></figure>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p>* <em>The Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 8,000 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of experiencing GERD. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.</em></p>


Acid Attack: Unraveling the Genetics of GERD


<p>November has become a time to raise awareness about health issues that may particularly impact men. On average in the U.S., men live <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/life-expectancy.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">5 years less</a> than women. Oftentimes that difference in life expectancy is because of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db521.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preventable factors</a>. Knowing about your genetic predisposition to certain health conditions can help you focus on screening and preventative measures. So let&#8217;s take a look at the genetics of some common conditions that impact men.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer">Cancer</h2>



<p>Among men, prostate cancer is the <a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/common.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most common cancer diagnosis</a>. Genetics can impact the risk of developing prostate cancer in a few ways.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Prostate cancer can be caused by <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-new-hereditary-prostate-cancer-hoxb13-related-report" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rare genetic variants</a> that have a significant impact on risk. For example, a genetic variant in the <em>HOXB13</em> gene is associated with a 33–53 <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22841674/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">percent</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30527799/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chance</a> of developing prostate cancer by age 80.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Other times, prostate cancer can be influenced by <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/three-new-prs-cancer-reports" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">many common genetic variants</a>, each with a small impact on the likelihood of developing cancer but that can make a big impact when taken together. But the work is not done, ongoing research into prostate cancer is also important as many of the genetic variants and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36353656/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">models for prostate cancer</a> may not be as predictive for men not of European descent.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-just-prostate-cancer">Not just prostate cancer</h3>



<p>It&#8217;s also important for men to be aware of their <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-updates-brca1-2-report" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>BRCA1</em> and <em>BRCA2</em></a> status. While the <em>BRCA1</em> and <em>BRCA2</em> genes are most often associated with breast and ovarian cancer in women, variants in these genes, particularly <em>BRCA2</em>, can also increase the chances of breast cancer in men along with increasing the risk of developing prostate and pancreatic cancer. In addition, men with genetic variants in the&nbsp; <em>BRCA1</em> and <em>BRCA2</em> genes may want to inform their female family members who might share their genetic variant and the increased risk of developing these cancers.</p>



<p>In addition to cancers that impact reproductive organs in men, genetics can impact other kinds of cancer like <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-new-mutyh-report" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorectal</a> <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/three-new-prs-cancer-reports" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> and <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/understand-your-genetics-likelihood-of-developing-skin-cancer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin cancer</a>. And <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehensive genetic screening</a> of high-impact, actionable genetic variants associated with cancer are also available.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-you-can-do">What you can do</h3>



<p>In addition to healthy lifestyle habits and learning about your genetic predispositions, keeping up to date with cancer screenings recommended by your healthcare professional is one of the best ways for men to stay on top of their cancer risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental Health</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="255" height="100" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/depression_PRS.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34566"/></figure>



<p>While anyone can be impacted by <a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health challenges</a>, men may be less likely to receive mental health treatment compared to women.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Many mental health conditions (including <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/a-new-report-on-bipolar-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-new-depression-report" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>, <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-23andme-report-on-anxiety" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a>, and <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-releases-a-panic-attacks-report" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">panic attacks</a>) are also impacted by many common genetic variants, as well as many other complex factors that may include brain chemistry, hormones, life experiences, and environmental stressors.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-you-can-do-0">What you can do</h3>



<p>While not all mental health conditions can be prevented, maintaining a healthy lifestyle (including a good diet and sleep habits, exercising, and avoiding alcohol, smoking, and drug use) can help prevent or manage symptoms. There are also professional options including medication and counseling. And, while sometimes difficult, seeking social support from family and friends can help men navigate mental health struggles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>If you’re in a crisis, help is available. <a href="https://988lifeline.org/talk-to-someone-now/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Call or text 988</a> in the U.S. or <a href="https://findahelpline.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">find a helpline in your area.</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-discoveries">Ongoing discoveries</h3>



<p>There&#8217;s still much that we don&#8217;t know about the genetics of many mental health conditions. The hope is that by continuing to support <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/affect-study" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> into conditions such as <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/landmark-study-breaks-new-ground-in-depression-genetics-research" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>, the 23andMe Research Institute can partner with consented research participants to drive new discoveries, new ways of <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/predicting-treatment-resistant-depression-using-23andme-survey-data" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">identifying who may be at risk</a> for certain conditions, and ultimately new treatments.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-disease">Heart Disease</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="240" height="104" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/heart_disease_PRS.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34568"/></figure>



<p>Finally, heart disease remains the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/men-and-heart-disease.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">number one cause of death in men</a>. There are <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/heart-health-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a number of different heart health conditions that are impacted by genetics</a> (for example, cholesterol levels, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease). While you can’t change your genetics, getting regular <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/heart-health-screenings" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recommended screenings</a> for things like <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-expands-blood-testing-biological-age" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cholesterol</a> and blood pressure can help you know where your current heart health stands. This is especially important for men because a 2022 survey from the Cleveland Clinic showed that <a href="https://newsroom.clevelandclinic.org/2022/09/07/cleveland-clinic-survey-reveals-mens-top-health-concerns-as-they-age" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more than half of men are not getting regular health screenings</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-you-can-do-1">What you can do</h3>



<p>While you can’t change your genetics, there&#8217;s a lot that you can do to protect your heart health.&nbsp;</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Know your numbers. Be among the half of men who DO get regular check-ups for blood pressure and cholesterol.</li>



<li>Get moving. Even a 30-minute walk most days makes a huge difference. And if you&#8217;re already moving, level up the intensity</li>



<li>Eat smart. Focus on vegetables, fruits, and lean proteins, and watch your salt and sugar intake.</li>



<li>Find your calm. Chronic stress is tough on your heart. Find healthy ways to manage it. Try breathing techniques or meditation.</li>



<li>If you smoke, make a plan to stop. It&#8217;s one of the best things you can do for your heart.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-charge-of-your-health">Taking Charge of Your Health</h2>



<p>Understanding your genetic predispositions for conditions like cancer, heart disease, and mental health challenges is a powerful first step. This knowledge is most effective when combined with proactive lifestyle choices, open conversations with healthcare professionals, and regular health screenings. By focusing on these actionable steps, men can take control of their well-being and work towards a longer, healthier life.<br></p>



<p><em>NOTE: Within this blog post, we use the word “men” to refer to people whose sex assigned at birth is male. However, we recognize that not everyone who experiences these health conditions will identify as male, and being categorized by birth sex may be an uncomfortable experience for some people. We do not mean to delegitimize anyone’s gender identity. Learn more about how 23andMe uses sex and gender to help deliver or interpret results for certain health, wellness, and traits topics that you may choose to receive in this <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360010964373-How-23andMe-Uses-Your-Genetic-Sex-Birth-Sex-and-Gender" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help article</a>.</em></p>


Let’s Talk About Men’s Health


<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fda-now-recommends-genetic-testing-before-prescribing-specific-chemotherapy-medications">FDA Now Recommends Genetic Testing Before Prescribing Specific Chemotherapy Medications</h5>



<p>For years, patient advocates have been calling for stronger safeguards against preventable toxicity from chemotherapy. Last week, the FDA took a major step forward, updating the label for a drug called <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699003.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capecitabine</a> to explicitly recommend testing for variants in the <em>DPYD</em> gene before starting treatment. This is more than just a label change—it&#8217;s a long-awaited acknowledgment that genetics matter when it comes to patient safety.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is <em>DPYD?</em></h2>



<p>The <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/dpyd/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>DPYD</em> gene</a> provides instructions for making an enzyme called DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase), which helps the body break down certain chemotherapy drugs like capecitabine and <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682708.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">5-fluorouracil</a>. These medications are commonly used to treat breast, colorectal, and other cancers. People with certain changes in this gene may not process these drugs properly, causing the drugs to build up in the body and, in some cases, leading to severe or even life-threatening <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/dihydropyrimidine-dehydrogenase-deficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reactions</a>.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="508" height="531" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/drug-bottle.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34304" style="width:126px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/drug-bottle.png 508w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/drug-bottle-287x300.png 287w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px" /></figure>



<p>These reactions can include painful mouth sores, severe diarrhea, low white blood cell counts, and nerve problems. <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/dihydropyrimidine-dehydrogenase-deficiency/#frequency" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Up to 8%</a> of people have a variant in the <em>DPYD</em> gene that affects how well they process these medications. Sadly, some patients with <em>DPYD</em> variants have died after receiving these drugs. Such experiences have fueled years of advocacy calling for genetic testing <em>before</em> treatment, not after. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-change-in-the-recommendations">A change in the recommendations</h2>



<p>Until now, the FDA advised doctors they could &#8220;consider testing&#8221; patients before giving capecitabine or similar drugs. The <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/020896s052lbl.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new label</a> goes much further, adding a warning that says, <em>&#8220;serious adverse reactions or death may occur in patients with complete DPD deficiency&#8221;</em> and telling doctors to test for <em>DPYD</em> variants before prescribing the medication. (Experts predict a similar change to the 5-fluorouracil drug label soon.) It&#8217;s a major win for patient safety and for the <a href="https://test4dpd.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">advocacy groups</a> who have pushed tirelessly for this change. Organizations that have long advocated for universal DPYD testing hope this update will encourage hospitals and cancer centers across the U.S. to make pretreatment genetic testing standard care.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="790" height="1024" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PGt-Home-790x1024.png" alt="23andMe mobile pharmacogenomics" class="wp-image-28527" style="width:256px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PGt-Home-790x1024.png 790w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PGt-Home-231x300.png 231w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PGt-Home-768x996.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PGt-Home-679x880.png 679w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PGt-Home-910x1180.png 910w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PGt-Home.png 1583w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px" /></figure>



<p>We share the belief that genetic insights can empower individuals and help improve outcomes. The 23andMe<sup>®</sup> <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/pharmacogenetics/dpyd/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>DPYD Drug Metabolism Pharmacogenetics report</strong></a><strong>*</strong>, available to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members, provides information about two variants associated with reduced DPD enzyme activity. While this report isn&#8217;t a substitute for clinical testing, it can help people learn whether they carry certain <em>DPYD</em> variants and start a conversation with their healthcare provider. </p>



<p>The FDA&#8217;s new label is an important step toward safer, more personalized cancer treatment and a long-awaited victory for the patients and advocates who made their voices heard.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><br>* <em>23andMe PGS Pharmacogenetics reports: The 23andMe test uses qualitative genotyping to detect 3 variants in the CYP2C19 gene, 2 variants in the DPYD gene and 1 variant in the SLCO1B1 gene in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva for the purpose of reporting and interpreting information about the processing of certain therapeutics to inform discussions with a healthcare professional. It does not describe if a person will or will not respond to a particular therapeutic. Our CYP2C19 Pharmacogenetics report provides certain information about variants associated with metabolism of some therapeutics and provides interpretive drug information regarding the potential effect of citalopram and clopidogrel therapy. Our SLCO1B1 Pharmacogenetics report provides certain information about variants associated with the processing of some therapeutics and provides interpretive drug information regarding the potential effect of simvastatin therapy. Our DPYD Pharmacogenetics report does not describe the association between detected variants and any specific therapeutic. Results for DPYD and certain CYP2C19 results should be confirmed by an independent genetic test prescribed by your own healthcare provider before taking any medical action. Warning: Test information should not be used to start, stop, or change any course of treatment and does not test for all possible variants that may affect metabolism or protein function. The PGS test is not a substitute for visits to a healthcare professional. Making changes to your current regimen can lead to harmful side effects or reduced intended benefits of your medication, therefore consult with your healthcare professional before taking any medical action. For important information and limitations regarding Pharmacogenetic reports, visit </em><a href="http://23andme.com/test-info/pharmacogenetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>23andme.com/test-info/pharmacogenetics/</em></a><em> </em></p>


A Big Step Forward for Patient Safety


<p>Late in the first quarter in only his third game this season, one professional football team’s star edge-rusher limped off the field, gesturing to his trainers with his thumb down. Apparently, he already knew what he&#8217;d find out a short time later with an MRI: he&#8217;d again torn his ACL, the anterior cruciate ligament.</p>



<p>While a hard tackle or awkward fall can tear an ACL, some people may be more prone to an ACL tear than others, and their genetics may explain why.</p>



<p>A new 23andMe polygenic risk score (PRS) report sheds light on that genetic connection. The report examines how a person&#8217;s genetics may impact their likelihood of experiencing an ACL tear, an injury particularly common among those involved in high-impact sports.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-genetics-may-influence-acl-tear-risk">How Genetics May Influence ACL Tear Risk</h2>



<p>First, it&#8217;s important to note that your genetics is only one part of the story – many other factors can influence the risk of an ACL tear. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="306" height="126" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/ACL-tear-PRS-Hero.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34316" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/ACL-tear-PRS-Hero.png 306w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/ACL-tear-PRS-Hero-300x124.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px" /></figure>



<p>Tears typically occur when the knee twists or extends beyond its normal range, often seen in sports that involve jumping and sudden stops, pivots, or changes in direction. That might be in sports such as football, soccer, basketball, or downhill skiing. The ACL is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>We also know that ACL tears are more common in female athletes. However, because more males participate in high-risk sports, the total number of ACL tears may actually be higher in males. They are also more likely in people with a family history of an ACL injury or a personal history of an ACL tear. Indeed, genetics plays an important role, with one 2020 sports medicine journal study estimating the <a href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/55/7/385" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic contribution to an ACL tear at approximately 69 percent</a>. </p>



<p>While the exact biological mechanism involved is not yet known, the genetic associations do offer some hints. Among the many genetic variants associated with ACL tears are variants in or near genes involved in the formation of collagen, a building block for ligaments. Scientists have discovered other variants linked to tears, but most of those associations are inconclusive, and more research is needed.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-23andme-s-new-acl-tear-prs-report">23andMe&#8217;s New ACL Tear PRS Report</h2>



<p>Knowing how genetics influences the risk for an ACL tear can empower athletes, who are at the highest risk, train smarter and work toward preventing them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To create the new ACL Tear PRS Report* 23andMe scientists analyzed data from people who consented to participate in research to identify thousands of variants associated with ACL tears. The 23andMe scientists then created a genetic model that incorporated those variants to calculate the genetic likelihood of an ACL tear.</p>



<p>This PRS report, like other 23andMe PRS reports, is research-based and not validated for medical diagnostic use; it may have limitations for people with mixed or less-studied ancestries and does not account for every possible factor influencing ACL health. In addition, polygenic risk scores integrate many common variants, but they do not account for rare genetic variants or lifestyle factors that can heavily impact risk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For individuals with an elevated genetic or family risk, creating a personalized prevention plan and scheduling regular check-ins with sports medicine professionals are great ways to keep knees healthy.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-the-risk-of-acl-tears">Mitigating the Risk of ACL Tears</h2>



<p>Whether you’re a pro athlete or not, and especially if you’ve already had an ACL tear before, proper training and technique&nbsp; are simple ways to help lower the likelihood of injury.</p>



<p>Here are a few things you can do to help lower the risk of an ACL tear:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Build muscle strength in the hamstrings, and core to stabilize the knee.</li>



<li>Maintain proper technique for movements such as jumping, pivoting, and squatting — like landing on the balls of your feet with knees bent and keeping knees aligned over your toes.</li>



<li>Warm up and cool down before and after physical activity to increase flexibility.</li>



<li>Wear supportive, activity-appropriate footwear for correct alignment.</li>



<li>Consulting with physical therapists or trainers for form and strength assessments can further reduce the risk, regardless of one&#8217;s genetic background.</li>
</ul>



<p>We continue to learn about the role genetics plays in sports-related injuries, including ACL tears, but genetics is just one factor.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learn-more">Learn More</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members can view this report with their other Wellness reports.</p>



<p><a href="https://you.23andme.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sign in</a> to learn more about what 23andMe&#8217;s ACL Tear PRS can tell you.<br></p>



<p><em>* The 23andMe ACL Tear PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 6,000 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of experiencing an ACL tear. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The ACL Tear PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.</em></p>


Genetics May Explain Why Some Athletes Are More Prone to ACL Tears


<p><em>As many as one in 10 women have endometriosis, but diagnosing it can take up to a decade or more. Dive into the science, and learn a bit about a new 23andMe Endometriosis report that looks at the genetic likelihood of developing this painful condition</em>.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="612" height="252" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/endometriosis_hero-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-34227" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/endometriosis_hero-1.jpg 612w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/endometriosis_hero-1-300x124.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px" /></figure>



<p>Have you ever been told your debilitating period pain is &#8220;normal&#8221;? Do you find yourself planning your life around your cycle, canceling plans, or missing work or school due to pain, heavy bleeding, or exhaustion? If so, you&#8217;re not alone; these symptoms could point to endometriosis, a common, yet often misunderstood, condition.</p>



<p>For those with endometriosis, tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows in other places, like the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or even the bowel and bladder. This can lead to severe pain, heavy periods, and in some cases, may make it harder to become pregnant (between 30–50% of women with endometriosis experience infertility).</p>



<p>If this sounds familiar, it’s important to know that your pain is real and more common than many people think. Endometriosis affects as many as 10% of women in the U.S. Despite this, the journey to a diagnosis can be frustratingly long, sometimes <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39373298/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">taking up to 12 years</a>. This delay often happens because symptoms are dismissed as &#8220;just a bad period.&#8221;</p>



<p>To support awareness and help people understand their genetic predisposition to endometriosis, we’ve launched the new Endometriosis* report for female <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ and <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Total Health</a>™ members.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-causes-endometriosis">What causes endometriosis?</h2>



<p>While the exact cause isn&#8217;t known, several factors can increase your likelihood of developing endometriosis:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="612" height="720" src="http://35.88.189.111/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Group-125628.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34211" style="width:259px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Group-125628.png 612w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Group-125628-255x300.png 255w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px" /></figure>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Age</strong>: It most often affects menstruating people and is frequently diagnosed in the 30s and 40s.</li>



<li><strong>Family history</strong>: Having a family member with endometriosis increases risk.</li>



<li><strong>Reproductive history</strong>: Starting menstruation at a young age, experiencing menopause later in life, and having frequent or heavy periods (short cycles or bleeding lasting more than 7 days) can all increase chances of developing the condition.</li>
</ul>



<p>These factors are associated with a higher risk. On the other hand, having been pregnant or breastfeeding may reduce risk.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genetic-connection">The genetic connection</h3>



<p>Endometriosis is what’s known as a <a href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Polygenic-Trait" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polygenic</a> condition — meaning that many different genetic variants in many different genes can influence a person’s chances of developing it. In fact, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26209831/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research suggests</a> that genetics may explain nearly half of the differences in who develops endometriosis across a population.</p>



<p>In 2023, 23andMe collaborated with researchers at Oxford in what was at the time the largest study on <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/largest-genetic-study-to-date-links-endometriosis-with-chronic-pain" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endometriosis and its association with chronic pain</a>. Now, to further understand the genetics of this condition, researchers at 23andMe looked at genetic and self-reported data from more than 1.5 million consented research participants. Using this information, they created a Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) — a model that considers thousands of genetic variants to estimate a person’s likelihood of developing endometriosis.</p>



<p>However, this model did not perform as accurately for 23andMe customers with Black or African American ancestry. Due to this limitation, we cannot provide a result for the Endometriosis report to those customers at this time. This is an important reminder that genetics research has historically underrepresented many communities. With continued research and broader participation, we hope to improve this work and reduce these disparities in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-you-can-do-about-it">What you can do about it</h2>



<p>While the road to getting a diagnosis and managing endometriosis can be long and frustrating, there are proactive steps you can take on your journey to getting answers and feeling better.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocate-for-yourself">Advocate for yourself</h3>



<p><strong>Track Your Symptoms.</strong> Before you see a doctor, consider starting a symptom diary. Being specific can make a big difference. Every day, note:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Pain:</strong> On a scale of 1–10, where is the pain, and what does it feel like (sharp, dull, cramping)?</li>



<li><strong>Timing:</strong> When during your cycle do you feel symptoms? (During your period, during ovulation, all month long?)</li>



<li><strong>Bleeding:</strong> How heavy is your flow? Are you passing clots?</li>



<li><strong>Other Symptoms:</strong> Note any bloating, painful bowel movements, pain with sex, or fatigue.</li>



<li><strong>Impact:</strong> How do these symptoms affect your daily life? (e.g., &#8220;Missed two days of work,&#8221; &#8220;Couldn&#8217;t exercise,&#8221; &#8220;Had to leave the party early.&#8221;)</li>
</ul>



<p><strong>Connect with a Doctor.</strong> Armed with your symptom diary, make an appointment with a healthcare provider.</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Be clear and confident. Say, &#8220;I am concerned I might have endometriosis because of these specific symptoms.&#8221;</li>



<li>Don&#8217;t be afraid to ask questions. &#8220;What are the next steps for diagnosis?&#8221; or &#8220;Could we explore treatment options for my pain now?&#8221;</li>



<li>If you feel dismissed, get a second opinion. Look for a gynecologist who specializes in endometriosis or pelvic pain.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manage-symptoms">Manage symptoms</h3>



<p>There’s no one-size-fits-all approach, but experts agree that certain lifestyle habits can make a difference:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Exercise</strong>: Activities like yoga can improve blood flow, relax muscles, and reduce pain.</li>



<li><strong>Relaxation and self-care</strong>: Rest, warmth on the lower stomach (like a heating pad, warm water bottle, or bath), and gentle movement can help ease discomfort.</li>
</ul>



<p>Medical options may include medications to manage pain and hormone levels, pelvic floor physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery. Because endometriosis tissue can respond to estrogen, symptoms may improve after menopause, when estrogen levels remain consistently low.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-take-the-next-steps">Take the next steps</h2>



<p>Endometriosis pain is not an exaggeration, and it deserves to be taken seriously. Seeking answers is the first and most powerful step toward managing your health and reclaiming your quality of life.</p>



<p>Ready to learn more about your health and genetics and take the next step in your journey? Learn more about <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a> or <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Total Health</a> memberships.</p>



<p>Already part of 23andMe? <a href="https://you.23andme.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sign in</a> to view this report with your other Health Predisposition reports or upgrade 23andMe+ Premium or Total Health memberships.</p>



<p><em>* The 23andMe Endometriosis PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 13,000 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of developing endometriosis. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history, and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Endometriosis PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.</em><br></p>



<p><strong><em>NOTE:</em></strong><em> Within this blog post, we use the words &#8220;women&#8221; and &#8220;female&#8221; to refer to people whose sex assigned at birth is female. However, we recognize that not everyone who experiences endometriosis will identify as female, and being categorized by birth sex may be an uncomfortable experience for some people. We do not mean to delegitimize anyone’s gender identity. Learn more about why we made this decision in this </em><a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360010964373-How-23andMe-Uses-Your-Genetic-Sex-Birth-Sex-and-Gender" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>help article</em></a><em>.</em></p>


Health + Traits — Page 2