
<p><em>By Steven Fein, MD, MPH</em></p>



<p>For many women, the decision to start estrogen-containing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives (OCPs) is a pivotal health moment.</p>



<p>These medications can be life-changing. They regulate cycles, prevent pregnancy, relieve perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms, and protect bone health. For millions of women, estrogen improves quality of life.</p>



<p>But estrogen is not risk-free.</p>



<p>One of the most important considerations is the risk of developing blood clots, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or stroke. While the overall risk is low for most healthy women, it is not the same for everyone.</p>



<p>The difference often lies in your genetics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hereditary-thrombophilia-the-hidden-variable">Hereditary Thrombophilia: The Hidden Variable</h2>



<p>Some individuals carry inherited genetic variants that increase their tendency to form blood clots, a condition known as hereditary thrombophilia.</p>



<p>The two most common variants are Factor V Leiden (F5 gene) and Prothrombin G20210A (F2 gene). These variants are common. Approximately 1 in 20 people of European ancestry carries one of them.</p>



<p>To put this in perspective, the baseline annual risk of a serious blood clot is roughly <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25304324/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>1 in 1,000</strong></a>. Carrying one of these variants can <strong>double that risk</strong>. When estrogen is added, particularly oral estrogen, the risk can increase substantially, in some cases <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37734636/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several-fold higher</a> than baseline.</p>



<p>Without genetic information, we are estimating risk.<br>With genetic information, we are personalizing it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-mthfr">What About MTHFR?</h2>



<p>Another gene that has been proposed to be a hereditary clotting risk factor is the MTHFR gene. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15670035/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Some studies</a> have suggested an increased risk of blood clots in individuals who carry two copies of the C677T variant, while <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23900608/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">others</a> have found no clear association. </p>



<p>Because the evidence is mixed, genetic results should be interpreted with caution. However, knowing your status can still be informative: if you carry these variants, a simple blood test to measure homocysteine levels may help clarify your overall risk profile and guide further discussion with your clinician.</p>



<p><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/our-take-on-the-mthfr-gene" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Read more about MTHFR here</strong></a></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-is-only-part-of-the-picture">Genetics Is Only Part of the Picture</h2>



<p>While your tendency to develop blood clots is <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27764878/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primarily determined</a> by genes, life events and circumstances are also important. The most widely recognized DVT and PE risks are injuries, surgeries, and long airplane flights (more than four hours long). Cigarette smoking and hypertension are risks for developing stroke. </p>



<p>Estrogen is a mild pro-thrombotic factor (a factor that increases the likelihood of forming a blood clot), whether during pregnancy or through hormone therapy.</p>



<p>The key question is not <em>“Is estrogen safe?”</em><br>The key question is <em>“Is estrogen safe for you?”</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-mitigation-is-possible">Risk Mitigation Is Possible</h2>



<p>If a woman carries a clotting-risk variant, that does not automatically mean she cannot take estrogen.</p>



<p>Instead, it opens the door to informed strategies such as choosing <strong>transdermal estrogen</strong>, which carries lower clot risk than oral formulations, using low-dose aspirin while taking estrogen, short-term anticoagulation during high-risk periods (e.g., surgery or long travel), or close clinical monitoring.</p>



<p>Knowledge allows preparation. Preparation reduces fear.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-23andme-in-understanding-your-genetic-risk">The Role of 23andMe in Understanding Your Genetic Risk</h2>



<p>This is where resources like 23andMe become invaluable. They provide easily understandable and reliable access to important genetic information related to blood clotting, empowering both patients and physicians.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/hereditary-thrombophilia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe Hereditary Thrombophilia report</a>* specifically includes analysis for the two most common variants linked to hereditary thrombophilia: factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A. 23andMe also offers a report that includes MTHFR variants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-i-recommend-23andme-for-my-patients">Why I Recommend 23andMe for My Patients</h2>



<p>As a hematologist specializing in women’s health hematology, I frequently discuss genetic clotting risk with patients who are planning pregnancy or considering estrogen therapy.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In recent years, many insurance carriers have stopped covering inherited thrombophilia testing. Instead, direct-to-consumer genetic testing platforms like <strong>23andMe</strong> have made validated variant testing more accessible and affordable. For appropriate patients, it can provide clinically useful information that guides safer, more confident decision-making.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-medicine-is-not-the-future-it-s-the-present">Personalized Medicine Is Not the Future-It’s the Present</h2>



<p>Understanding your genetic profile allows your physician to contextualize your clotting risk, weigh the benefits and risks of estrogen therapy, and develop individualized risk-mitigation strategies.</p>



<p>This is personalized medicine in action!</p>



<p>Before starting estrogen therapy, have a conversation with your physician about your family history, personal risk factors, and whether genetic testing may be appropriate for you. In some cases, it may also be helpful to consult a hematologist who has expertise in women’s health.</p>



<p>Because when it comes to your health, guessing is no longer necessary.</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About Steven Fein, MD, MPH</h4>
<p>Dr. Steven Fein is a board-certified hematologist with more than 20 years of clinical experience. He received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, completed residency training in internal medicine at Duke University Medical Center, and completed a fellowship in hematology and oncology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.</p>
<p>In 2020, he founded <a href="https://www.femwomenshealth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fem Women’s Health</a>, a nationwide telemedicine hematology practice dedicated to caring for women with clotting disorders, bleeding conditions, or iron deficiency.</p>
</div>



<p><em>This post reflects the personal insights and opinions of Dr. Fein. It does not necessarily represent the views of 23andMe. We appreciate the unique perspective shared here.</em></p>



<p>* The 23andMe PGS test uses qualitative genotyping to detect clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults, from saliva collected using an FDA-cleared collection device (Oragene·DX model OGD-500.001) for the purpose of reporting and interpreting genetic health risks.&nbsp; The relevance of each report may vary based on ethnicity.&nbsp; Our genetic health risk reports describe if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing a disease, but do not describe a person’s overall risk of developing the disease. The reports are not intended to diagnose any disease, tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication or how much of a medication you should take. The Hereditary Thrombophilia genetic health risk report (i) is indicated for reporting of the Factor V Leiden variant in the F5 gene, and the Prothrombin G20210A variant in the F2 gene, (ii) describes if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing harmful blood clots, and (iii) is most relevant for people of European descent.</p>


A photo of a doctor showing a patient information on a digital tablet.

Thinking of Starting HRT or Birth Control? Why Your Genetics Should Be Part of the Conversation


<p><em>By James Ashenhurst, PhD.</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>New work from the 23andMe Research Institute has identified specific variants in the <i>GLP1R</i> and <i>GIPR</i> genes that influence how individuals respond to GLP-1 medications, affecting weight loss outcomes and the risk of side effects like nausea.</li>
<li>Utilizing data from over 27,000 consented research participants, 23andMe conducted a landmark genome-wide association study (GWAS) to uncover the genetics behind why these medications impact people in such distinct ways.</li>
<li>23andMe Total Health™ members can now access an exclusive interactive tool that combines an individual’s genetic results with their medical history to help doctors and patients move toward data-driven, personalized weight management decisions.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>GLP-1 medications, such as semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro®, Zepbound®), have transformed the clinical approach to weight management. In fact, an estimated 1 in 8 adults in the U.S. have used a GLP-1 medication in recent years.<sup>[1]</sup>&nbsp;</p>



<p>Yet, if you or someone you know has taken one, you might have noticed that not everyone has the same experience on these drugs. While GLP-1 medications are commonly prescribed to help control blood sugar and to assist in weight loss, there is substantial variation in how well they work for different people. Some individuals lose as little as 5% of their body weight, whereas others lose more than 20%.<sup>[2][3]</sup> Similarly, while gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting are common, some people experience moderate to severe forms, whereas others report no nausea at all.<sup>[4]</sup>&nbsp;</p>



<p>While lifestyle characteristics like diet patterns and exercise may certainly explain some of these differences, potential genetic causes of this variation have been unclear, until today. <strong>Scientists at the 23andMe Research Institute published a study in </strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10330-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong><em>Nature</em></strong></a><strong> that has identified genetic variants associated with weight loss and side effects among those who have taken GLP-1 medications.</strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-medication-response">The Mystery of Medication Response</h2>



<p>When people begin a GLP-1 journey, they may start with uncertainty about efficacy and possible side effects. While the market is crowded with weight loss support and medications, few resources offer personalized insight into the simple question: “What can I expect?”.</p>



<p>To find answers, we turned to our incredible community of 23andMe research participants. Over 27,000 consented participants made this research possible by sharing their experiences with GLP-1 medications through an ongoing research survey. Using 23andMe’s unique crowdsourced approach to research, we were able to conduct the first large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) just seven months after starting the study, a very rapid rate for a study of this kind. In simple terms, a GWAS is like scanning a massive library of DNA to find specific &#8220;spelling differences&#8221; (genetic variants) that are more common in people who share a specific trait. In this case, scientists wanted to understand if there were genetic differences that were associated with how participants&#8217; bodies responded to GLP-1 medications.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-the-genetic-links">Discovering the Genetic Links</h2>



<p>23andMe Research Institute scientists uncovered fascinating genetic associations for response to GLP-1 medications, including a person&#8217;s potential for weight loss and their risk of experiencing nausea or vomiting.</p>



<p>First, the study identified a genetic variant that is associated with both weight loss and nausea for the two major classes of GLP1 medications: semaglutide and tirzepatide. This variant is located in the <em>GLP1R</em> gene, which codes for the receptor protein that is the target of GLP-1 medications.</p>



<p>Second, the study identified another genetic variant that is associated with side-effects, specifically nausea and vomiting, while using tirzepatide (Mounjaro® or Zepbound®). You might wonder why this second variant only affects tirzepatide users. It comes down to how the drugs are designed: while semaglutide acts only on GLP-1 receptors, tirzepatide is a dual-target drug that also acts on GIP receptors (GIP, or gastric inhibitory polypeptide, is another hormone like GLP-1 that helps regulate insulin and blood sugar). Our team discovered that this second variant is located in the <em>GIPR</em> gene, which explains why it impacts tirzepatide response but not semaglutide.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="649" height="1024" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-649x1024.png" alt="" class="wp-image-35199" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-649x1024.png 649w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-190x300.png 190w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-768x1212.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image-558x880.png 558w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/image.png 1014w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px" /></figure>



<p>Describing the impact of the study, Dr. Adam Auton, Vice President of Human Genetics at the 23andMe Research Institute said, <strong><em>&#8220;Identifying these variants in the GLP1R and GIPR genes provides an important new insight into why these medications impact people in distinct ways. It’s a great example of how our large-scale, participant-engaged research program can clarify the biological mechanisms behind drug response, and moves us closer to a future where &#8216;precision medicine&#8217; isn&#8217;t just an aspiration.&#8221;</em></strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Translating Emerging Science into Personalized Insights</h2>



<p>Discovering these variants is a massive step forward, but our ultimate goal is to meet the need for more personalized insight into GLP-1 medication responses.</p>



<p>That is why a new report and interactive tool related to GLP-1 medications is now available exclusively through the 23andMe+ <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/wl-mrr?utm_source=23andme&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=wlmrr_april_2026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Total Health</a>™ service. This interactive tool combines an individual’s genetic results for these two variants with demographics and medical history to estimate both weight loss and nausea likelihood based on data from 23andMe research participants. All these factors combined can result in significant variability in the likelihood of weight loss or side effects. In fact, the estimates for weight loss can vary between -6% to -20% of baseline weight after one year. Likewise, the estimated risk of nausea and vomiting can range between 5% to 78% risk for experiencing these side effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What You Need to Know About the New Report</h2>



<p>The science of genetics is always evolving and the 23andMe Research Institute strives to be on the forefront of genetics research, powered by the participation of our members. Our mission is also to help people benefit from genetics research, which is why we are thrilled to provide this new report to our Total Health members. This report is designed to be reviewed in consultation with a clinician and is intended for use in a supervised clinical context, which is why it is exclusively available through the physician-supervised Total Health service.</p>



<p>The shift toward personalized care enabled by this report is echoed by Dr. Noura Abul-Husn, Chief Medical Officer of the 23andMe Research Institute, who views the data as a catalyst for better patient-doctor relationships: <strong><em>&#8220;For healthcare professionals, the true value of this data lies in its potential to transform weight loss discussions from a trial-and-error approach into data-driven, shared decision-making with patients. Integrating genetic markers, such as those we’ve identified in the GLP1R and GIPR genes, with clinical factors provides a clearer picture of how a patient’s unique biology may interact with a specific therapy, allowing both patients and their doctors to proactively manage expectations and tailor care with greater precision from day one.&#8221;</em></strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A Sincere Thank You to Our Participants</h2>



<p>The GLP-1 Study is ongoing, and our survey is designed to allow participants to share their journey over time so we can continue to investigate how these medications are associated with genetics and health. Discoveries like this simply would not exist without our research participants. Current 23andMe members can choose to contribute answers and to fuel new discoveries.</p>



<p><a href="https://you.23andme.com/research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Participate in the next discovery</a></p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>James Ashenhurst</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Scientist I, Product R&#038;D
</p>
<p>Dr. Ashenhurst is a Senior Scientist at the 23andMe Research Institute who studies how health history, lifestyle, and genetics combine to predict risk for health conditions and differences in medication response.</p>
</div>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>References</strong></h6>



<p>1. Montero, A., Sparks, G., Presiado, M. &amp; Hamel, L. <a href="https://www.kff.org/health-costs/kff-health-tracking-poll-may-2024-the-publics-use-and-views-of-glp-1-drugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KFF Health Tracking Poll May 2024: The Public’s Use and Views of GLP-1 Drugs</a> | KFF. </p>



<p>2. Wilding, J. P. H. <em>et al.</em> Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. <em>New Engl J Med</em> <strong>384</strong>, 989–1002 (2021). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/</a></p>



<p>3. Ryan, D. H. <em>et al.</em> Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. <em>Nat Med</em> <strong>30</strong>, 2049–2057 (2024). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740993/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740993/</a></p>



<p>4. Joy, Bethany, et al. Exploring the rates of Gastrointestinal adverse effects among five GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. <em>Endocrine</em> <strong>91</strong>(1), 23 (2026). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41489846/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41489846/</a></p>



<p></p>


Unlocking the Genetics of GLP-1 Medications: Why Your DNA Matters


<p><em>By Ana Hur</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>23andMe is releasing a new AI Health Summary feature in the Beta Testing Program.</li>
<li>The Health Summary integrates your unique genetics with lifestyle and biomarker data to provide personalized, accurate, and actionable recommendations.</li>
<li>The proprietary AI framework is designed, developed, and monitored by scientific and clinical experts at the 23andMe Research Institute for truly personalized health insights.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>The 23andMe Health Summary is now available to customers participating in the <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013592713-23andMe-Beta-Testing-Program" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beta Testing Program</a>*. 23andMe&#8217;s Health Summary uses AI to connect your genetics, blood labs, and lifestyle data to give you a clear, real-time picture of your health. Powered by 23andMe&#8217;s scientifically-backed AI model, it actively connects your genetic findings with your real-time lab results, surfacing the signals most worth paying attention to and discussing with your doctor. The result is a set of personalized, evidence-based recommendations giving you what you need to move from reactive to truly personalized preventative healthcare.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-average-ai-falls-short">Why &#8220;Average&#8221; AI Falls Short</h2>



<p>The potential of AI in healthcare is staggering, offering a future where disease is predicted rather than just treated. But to get there, we must answer this fundamental question: How can an AI truly “know” your health, if it doesn’t know your biology? Most health recommendations today still rely on “average” standards and protocols. But “average” increasingly doesn’t cut it in healthcare.&nbsp;</p>



<p>At 23andMe, we believe the next era of medicine isn’t just about tracking your steps or one-off blood tests — it’s about closing the loop between your labs, lifestyle, and your genetics. Health data without genetic context is just numbers.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-23andme-perspective-on-health-ai">The 23andMe perspective on Health AI</h2>



<p>Today&#8217;s AI health tools are trained on everyone. They know what&#8217;s true for most people. But your genetics determine how much of that actually applies to you, and that gap is where 23andMe lives. Our approach is different. 23andMe benchmarks your health against your genetic peers — not just people with shared age and gender, but also ancestry and genetic risks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dumping your data into a chatbot might tell you that walking 10,000 steps today is great. But if it is lacking your genetic data and the research insights for how to combine genetics and other kinds of data, those 10,000 steps might not be enough to move the needle on your specific risk. </p>



<p>23andMe’s AI takes into account both your current biomarker signals and unique genetic tendencies to tell you where you are on your journey relative to the instructions your body was born with.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cut through the “data overload”</h3>



<p>The Health Summary doesn’t just show your data, it tells you what levers to pull now to improve your health, given all of your data points combined. We focus on systems that greatly impact longevity and healthspan including heart health, metabolic health, and brain health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Science-backed innovation</h3>



<p>We know that accuracy and credibility are paramount in healthcare. That’s why our Health Summary is grounded in a proprietary framework developed by our scientific and clinical experts. This framework guides our AI in considering relevant sets of genetic results, lab values, and lifestyle data and interpreting them together appropriately. Based on this holistic picture, our AI will help you understand what areas warrant attention and how to stay on top of them. We’ve also developed specific safeguards to monitor that our AI stays true to the framework and is basing your Health Summary on established evidence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Join our Beta Program</h2>



<p>This is just the beginning. We will continue layering more health insights, and real-world context into your Health Summary, and will get more targeted with our insights (imagine a world where we define the exact lab value ranges you should target based on your genetics rather than relying on generic lab “normals”). Looking ahead, we see our Health Summary visualizing your health potential, showing you how much power you have to decrease your risk. We don’t just want to tell you you’re at risk, we tell you how much power you have to change that risk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The future of health isn’t just a chatbot where you dump information in and hope for new ideas. It’s a sophisticated synthesis of your unique biological code and real-world data, guided by experts. Your genes gave you the map, we’re here to help you lead the way.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Join the <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013592713-23andMe-Beta-Testing-Program" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe Beta program</a> today to test the Health Summary. By sharing your feedback, you are helping us co-create a future where your health data becomes more understood, personalized, and actionable.</p>



<p>*Unfortunately this feature is not yet available on Android devices — we are working on it!</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Ana Hur</strong> — Sr. Product Manager
</p>
<p> 
Ana Hur is the lead product manager for Health and AI at 23andMe, focused on health products that combine genetics, biomarkers, and AI-driven insights to help people take a more proactive approach to prevention and healthspan. Backed by a track record of building consumer tech products, Ana holds a BS from UC Berkeley, MBA from the Kellogg School of Management, and MS from the McCormick School of Engineering.</p>
</div>



<p></p>


Help Shape the Future of Healthcare: Why We’re Connecting Genetics and AI


<p><em>By Kayla Capper, Ph.D., and Alisa Lehman, Ph.D.</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td><h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>The Genetic Link to Sleep: Your DNA influences everything from being a &#8220;night owl&#8221; to your likelihood of experiencing insomnia, sleep apnea, or sleep paralysis.</li>
<li>New Sleep Paralysis Report: 23andMe+ Premium™ members can now access a new Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) report to understand their genetic likelihood of sleep paralysis.</li>
<li>Optimizing Sleep Hygiene: Combining genetic insights with habits, like consistent schedules, can significantly improve long-term health and mood.
</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>March is Sleep Awareness Month, a time to focus on one of the most vital pillars of our health: sleep. While we often prioritize diet and exercise, the quality of our rest plays a massive role in how we feel, think, and function every single day — and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37831896/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> is showing sleep is  increasingly important for living a longer, healthier life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-a-good-night-s-rest">The Power of a Good Night’s Rest</h2>



<p>Getting enough, and getting high-quality sleep is about more than just avoiding grogginess. According to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>, consistent, healthy sleep can help you:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Boost your immune system, helping you get sick less often.</li>



<li>Maintain a healthy weight and improve your metabolism.</li>



<li>Lower your risk for serious chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke.</li>



<li>Support mental health by reducing stress and improving your overall mood.</li>



<li>Sharpen your mind, improving your attention and memory for daily tasks.</li>



<li>Keep you safe, reducing the risk of motor vehicle crashes and injuries.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-the-new-sleep-paralysis-prs-report">Introducing the New Sleep Paralysis PRS Report</h2>



<p>23andMe members can already explore genetic insights into certain sleep-related topics (such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea), and we are excited to expand these insights for <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members with our new Sleep Paralysis Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)* report.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="422" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-1024x422.png" alt="" class="wp-image-35168" style="width:224px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-1024x422.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-300x124.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-768x316.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-880x362.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero-1180x486.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sleep-paralysis-hero.png 1224w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>Sleep paralysis is the temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up. While these episodes can be brief and sometimes distressing, they are not dangerous. Our new report uses a polygenic score (a model that looks at thousands of small genetic variants) to help you understand your genetic likelihood of experiencing sleep paralysis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-better-sleep-hygiene">Tips for Better Sleep Hygiene</h2>



<p>Regardless of your genetic predispositions, good sleep hygiene can make a world of difference. If you experience sleep paralysis or struggle with general sleep quality, consider these tips:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Adjust your sleeping position:</strong> Sleep paralysis is more common when sleeping on your back; try switching to your side.</li>



<li><strong>Do your best to stay consistent:</strong> Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends, to regulate your internal clock.</li>



<li><strong>Try to create a sanctuary:</strong> Keep your bedroom dark, quiet, and comfortable.</li>



<li><strong>Unwind early:</strong> Try meditation or a warm bath before bed to lower stress.</li>



<li><strong>Watch your intake:</strong> Limit alcohol and caffeine in the evening, as both can interfere with deep, restorative sleep.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-genetics-of-sleep">More Genetics of Sleep</h2>



<p>What about other ways genetics impacts sleep? Have you ever wondered why you’re a night owl while your partner is an early bird? Or why some people can fall asleep the second their head hits the pillow while others toss and turn? Your DNA may hold some answers.</p>



<p>At 23andMe, we have a number of sleep-related reports, including:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/traits/wake-up-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Wake-up Time</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Explore how your genetics nudge you toward being a natural morning person or a night owl.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/insomnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Insomnia</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Discover how your DNA may influence your likelihood of having trouble falling or staying asleep.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Obstructive Sleep Apnea</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Identify if your genetics give you an increased likelihood of developing this common sleep-related breathing disorder.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/restless-legs-syndrome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Restless Legs Syndrome</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Understand the genetic components of this uncomfortable nighttime sensation.</li>
</ul>



<p><strong>Ready to see what your DNA says about your sleep?</strong> 23andMe+ Premium members can find the new Sleep Paralysis report and other sleep-related reports in the Wellness section of their account today.</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Authors</h4>
<p><strong>Kayla Capper</strong>, Ph.D. — Senior Product Scientist
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Kayla Capper is a scientist at the 23andMe Research Institute, where she develops scientifically accurate and engaging health reports and features. She is particularly passionate about simplifying complex genetic topics to help customers better understand and act upon their results. Dr. Capper holds a B.S. in Genetics from the University of Kansas and a Ph.D. in Cancer Biology from the University of Michigan, where she also completed training in Science Communication.</p>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>


Decoding the Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Paralysis




<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000;border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>While standard guidelines suggest starting colorectal cancer screenings at 45, rising rates in younger adults make your personal genetic risk an important data point for potential early detection.</li>
<li>Genetic insights for colorectal cancer range from high-impact variants (impacting risk for conditions like Lynch syndrome) to polygenic risk scores (PRS) that calculate the combined effect of thousands of small genetic markers.</li>
<li>23andMe is conducting a study to improve PRS accuracy for the Black and African American community to try to ensure equitable access to genetic information about colorectal cancer.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>Is age 45 actually the right time for your first colonoscopy? While standard guidelines offer a baseline for colorectal cancer screening, your genetics offer a potential path for further precision. As we see a significant shift in colorectal cancer trends among younger adults, understanding your inherited risk factors is a critical tool for early detection and personalized care.</p>



<p>As we observe Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, we’re looking at how your genetic data can help you move beyond the one-size-fits-all model and take better control of your health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-changing-face-of-colorectal-cancer">The Changing Face of Colorectal Cancer</h2>



<p>The traditional milestone for your first colonoscopy used to be age 50. Recently, experts lowered it to 45. Why? Because the landscape of this disease is shifting.</p>



<p>According to the <a href="https://cancerstatisticscenter.cancer.org/types/colorectum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Cancer Society</a>, an estimated 158,850 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer in 2026, making colorectal cancer the fourth most common cancer. Perhaps most startling is that 45% of new cases are now occurring in <a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.70067" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adults under 65</a>, a massive jump from just 27% in 1995. While the overall number of cases in young people is still relatively low, the rates of colorectal cancer in people between the ages of 20 and 40 is increasing at about <a href="https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-news/colorectal-cancer-drops-in-older-adults-and-rises-in-young-ones.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3% per year</a>. This trend of younger adults being diagnosed means that for some, waiting until a standard screening age might already be too late.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genetic-spectrum-more-than-one-way-to-measure-risk">The Genetic Spectrum: More Than One Way to Measure Risk</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/acs-recommendations.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Standard screening guidelines</a> already note that some people who are at higher risk (for example, due to a family history or having certain health conditions) should have their first colonoscopy before age 45. But many people don&#8217;t know they have higher risk, and genetics can unlock some of that knowledge. 23andMe offers a tiered look at your genetic risk to help you and your doctor move from a one-size-fits-all approach to more precise prevention.</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>The MUTYH Report:</strong> Our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/health-predispositions/mutyh-associated-polyposis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MUTYH-Associated Polyposis Genetic Health Risk</a>* report looks at specific variants in the <em>MUTYH</em> gene linked to a particular form of hereditary colorectal cancer. While having two variants significantly increases risk, even carriers of a single variant might benefit from sharing that information with their healthcare provider.</li>



<li><strong>High-Impact Variants:</strong> Particularly impactful genetic variants can also be found through sequencing, such as the clinician-ordered exome sequencing available through our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/total-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Total Health</a>™ service. This looks at over 100 high-impact genes, including some associated with significantly increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (specifically related to Lynch syndrome, MUTYH-associated polyposis, and APC-associated polyposis).</li>



<li><strong>Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS):</strong> Most cancer risk isn&#8217;t caused by a single variant or gene, but by the combined effect of thousands of small genetic variations. Our <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/three-new-prs-cancer-reports" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorectal Cancer PRS</a>** report uses these markers to calculate whether you have an increased genetic likelihood for the most common forms of the disease.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closing-the-data-gap-equity-in-research">Closing the Data Gap: Equity in Research</h2>



<p>Precision medicine works best when the science behind it reflects the diversity of the people it serves. Historically, genetic research has been disproportionately centered on people of European descent. This has created a gap that we are working to close.</p>



<p>The stakes are especially high for the Black community. Black and African Americans are <a href="https://colorectalcancer.org/basics/facts-and-statistics" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">15% more likely to develop colorectal cancer and 35</a><a href="https://colorectalcancer.org/basics/facts-and-statistics">% more likely to die</a> from it than non-Hispanic white Americans.</p>



<p>Science shouldn&#8217;t have a blind spot like this. We have an <a href="https://www.23andme.com/genetic-insights-into-colorectal-cancer-black-community/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ongoing study</a> specifically designed to improve our Colorectal Cancer PRS report for our Black and African American members. Because of our currently limited data, the PRS driving this report failed to meet our performance standards for members of certain communities; these members are thus not able to receive a personalized genetic result. This study hopes to change that. Our goal is to work toward a future where preventive medicine is equitable and accurate for all.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-control-of-your-timeline">Taking Control of Your Timeline</h2>



<p>Colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, and when caught early it&#8217;s often more treatable. By understanding your genetic predisposition you’re equipping yourself with the knowledge needed to help lead the conversation with your doctor. Whether you are 25 or 55, knowing your risk allows you to advocate for the screenings you may need.</p>



<div style="width: 100%;margin: 0 auto;text-align: justify;background-color: #eee;padding: 15px">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>



<p>* The 23andMe PGS test uses qualitative genotyping to detect select clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva for the purpose of reporting and interpreting genetic health risks, including the 23andMe PGS Genetic Health Risk Report for MUTYH-Associated Polyposis. Your ethnicity may affect the relevance of each report and how your genetic health risk results are interpreted. The test is not intended to diagnose any disease and does not describe a person’s overall risk of developing any type of cancer. It is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication, how much of a medication you should take, or determine any treatments. <strong>Warnings &amp; Limitations</strong>: The 23andMe PGS Genetic Health Risk Report for MUTYH-Associated Polyposis is indicated for reporting the Y179C and G396D variants in the MUTYH gene and an increased risk for colorectal cancer.  The two variants included in this report are most common in people of Northern European descent.  This report does not include variants in other genes linked to hereditary cancers and the absence of variants included in this report does not rule out the presence of other genetic variants that may impact cancer risk. The PGS test is not a substitute for visits to a healthcare professional for recommended screenings or appropriate follow-up. Results should be confirmed in a clinical setting before taking any medical action. For important information and limitations regarding genetic health risk reports, visit  <a href="https://www.23andme.com/test-info" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.23andme.com/test-info</a>.</p>



<p>** The 23andMe Colorectal Cancer PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 1,700 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of experiencing colorectal cancer. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Colorectal Cancer PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.</p>


Sr. Manager, Product Science

Alisa Lehman

Why Genetics Are the New Baseline for Colorectal Cancer Prevention




<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000;border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td>
<h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>Personalized medicine disrupts &#8220;one-size-fits-all&#8221; healthcare by using genetic data to address health risks that disproportionately affect the Black and African American community.</li>
<li>By reviewing genetic health and pharmacogenetics reports with doctors, individuals can transition from awareness to action, enabling more tailored, effective, and personalized healthcare.</li>
<li>Participation in genetic research is vital for creating inclusive datasets. The 23andMe Research Institute uses the world’s largest African ancestry research cohort to drive discoveries that lead to more accurate risk assessments and treatments for all.</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>Black History Month is a time for reflection, it is also a time for action. <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetics-black-community-health">Last year</a>, we focused on specific health risks that disproportionately affect the Black and African American community. This year, we are discussing how to leverage that knowledge to proactively change your future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-one-size-fits-all-healthcare-nbsp">Beyond &#8220;One-Size-Fits-All&#8221; Healthcare&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The traditional healthcare system often relies on a &#8220;cookie-cutter&#8221; approach: at its best, treating everyone the same; at its worst, allowing bias and discrimination to influence clinical decisions. The goal of personalized medicine is to disrupt this by recognizing that every individual has unique risks, lifestyles, histories, and cultural contexts. By taking into account these unique considerations healthcare professionals can work with you to develop a personalized preventive health plan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A vital component of this process is understanding your unique genetic makeup. Your DNA provides some of the key data necessary for productive, personalized conversations with your doctor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-genetic-health-results-to-take-personalized-action">Using Genetic Health Results to Take Personalized Action</h2>



<p>A first step towards developing a personalized preventive health plan can include reviewing your genetic health reports. Focus on conditions known to <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetics-black-community-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disproportionately impact the Black and African American community</a>, but don’t overlook your <a href="https://www.23andme.com/topics/pharmacogenetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pharmacogenetics</a> results.</p>



<p>Pharmacogenetics explores how genetic variants influence how your body processes certain medications. These variants explain why some people experience more side effects or find specific treatments less effective.</p>



<p>Once you have reviewed your genetic data, you can bring these insights to your healthcare professional. <a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-and-personalized-healthcare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Most clinicians</a> recognize that genetics provides a critical data point in understanding the whole picture for their patients. 23andMe <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-members-are-taking-action-on-their-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recently published a study</a> showing that when research participants take their results to their doctors they receive personalized medical recommendations, and the vast majority of members follow through on those recommendations. Sharing your genetic results empowers your doctor to provide preventative actions tailored to you.</p>



<p>It&#8217;s also important to review your Pharmacogenetics Reports* (available to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members) with your clinician even if you aren’t currently taking medications. Having this information on file can allow your doctor to select the right medication and dosage from the start if you ever need treatment in the future.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000;border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td>
<h3>Discussing Genetic Results With Your Doctor</h3>
<p>Starting a conversation about genetic results can feel daunting, but preparation builds confidence. While your specific questions will depend on your results, use this checklist as a starting guide for your visit.</p>
<p><strong>Remember to bring:</strong></p>
<ul><li>Your 23andMe results.</li>
<li>Your personal and family health history.</li>
<li>A list of symptoms you have experienced (if any).</li>
<li>A list of all medications, vitamins, minerals, and/or herbal supplements you are taking (if any).</li></ul>
<p><strong>Questions to ask your doctor:</strong></p>
<ul><li>Is there any additional testing I should consider?</li>
<li>Are there specific symptoms I should be on the lookout for?</li>
<li>When would I need to make another appointment (for example, new symptoms or regular check-ups)?</li>
<li>Are my parents, children, or siblings at risk?</li></ul>
<p>It can help to work with a supportive healthcare community that may include a combination of healthcare professionals, advocacy and community-based groups (for example, groups like the <a href="https://colorectalcancer.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorectal Cancer Alliance</a> or <a href="https://www.sc101.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sickle Cell 101</a> who help offer specialized resources), and peer and family support. This encouraging and supportive system may help you to better understand additional risk factors you may have, can help you reduce and manage risks, and feel empowered to make healthy lifestyle choices.</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Future of Inclusive Research</h2>



<p>Closing health disparity gaps requires active participation in the science that shapes health outcomes. When scientists have representative data, they can discover insights that lead to more accurate risk assessments and more effective treatments for the Black and African American community.</p>



<p>This is one of the reasons the 23andMe Research Institute continues to <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/the-power-of-representation-in-genetic-research" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prioritize genetic studies</a> on conditions that impact this community. This work is only possible through the participation of those who make up the world’s largest genetic research cohort of individuals with African ancestry. Research participants aren&#8217;t just learning about their past, they are taking action to build a more equitable future.</p>



<div style="width: 100%;margin: 0 auto;text-align: justify;background-color: #eee;padding: 15px">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>



<p></p>



<p>* 23andMe PGS Pharmacogenetics reports: The 23andMe test uses qualitative genotyping to detect 3 variants in the CYP2C19 gene, 2 variants in the DPYD gene and 1 variant in the SLCO1B1 gene in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva for the purpose of reporting and interpreting information about the processing of certain therapeutics to inform discussions with a healthcare professional. It does not describe if a person will or will not respond to a particular therapeutic and does not describe the association between detected variants and any specific therapeutic. Our CYP2C19 Pharmacogenetics report provides certain information about variants associated with metabolism of some therapeutics and provides interpretive drug information regarding the potential effect of citalopram and clopidogrel therapy. Results for SLCO1B1 and DPYD and certain CYP2C19 results should be confirmed by an independent genetic test prescribed by your own healthcare provider before taking any medical action.&nbsp; Warning: Test information should not be used to start, stop, or change any course of treatment and does not test for all possible variants that may affect metabolism or protein function. The PGS test is not a substitute for visits to a healthcare professional. Making changes to your current regimen can lead to harmful side effects or reduced intended benefits of your medication, therefore consult with your healthcare professional before taking any medical action. For important information and limitations regarding Pharmacogenetic reports, visit <a href="https://www.23andme.com/test-info" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.23andMe.com/test-info</a>.</p>


Black History Month: Leveraging Genetics for a Personalized Health Plan


<p><em>By</em> <em>Ruth Tennen, Ph.D.</em>, <em>and Alisa Lehman, Ph.D.</em></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout" style="border:1px solid #000; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td><h2>Key Takeaways</h2>
<ul><li>For people with Raynaud’s syndrome, small blood vessels in the fingers and toes narrow too much in response to cold or stress, which can cause the skin to change color and feel cold and numb.</li>
<li>Raynaud’s syndrome has a strong genetic component. 23andMe’s new Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) Report analyzes over 2,000 genetic variants to provide a personalized estimate of your likelihood of having the condition.</li>
<li>While genetics play a major role, other factors like climate, repetitive hand motions, and certain underlying health conditions can also influence your likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s. Individuals can manage symptoms by dressing in layers, exercising regularly to improve circulation, and limiting triggers like nicotine and caffeine.
</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>At the 23andMe Research Institute, our mission has always been to turn complex genetic data into meaningful health insights. Today, we are excited to announce the latest addition to our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ membership: the Raynaud&#8217;s Syndrome Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) Report*, which provides an estimate of an individual&#8217;s likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s. Understanding your genetic predisposition can be helpful in taking proactive steps to identifying and managing symptoms of Raynaud&#8217;s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-of-raynaud-s">Genetics of Raynaud&#8217;s</h2>



<p>Raynaud&#8217;s syndrome is a condition where small blood vessels in the fingers and toes react more strongly than usual to cold or stress. During a Raynaud&#8217;s attack these blood vessels narrow, which temporarily limits blood flow. Skin may change color to white and blue as blood flow decreases and then to red as blood flow returns. For those with darker skin tones, the skin may become pale and then dark purple. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="612" height="252" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Raynauds-hero.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34890" style="width:348px;height:auto" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Raynauds-hero.png 612w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Raynauds-hero-300x124.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px" /></figure>



<p>In the U.S. up to 5% of people have Raynaud&#8217;s syndrome, and genetics is known to be a strong contributor. A recent large-scale <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39142284/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified eight locations in the genome</a> associated with Raynaud&#8217;s. These genes play important roles in the body&#8217;s stress response, the immune system, and the cells lining blood vessels, providing insights into the biological basis of Raynaud&#8217;s and why some people are more likely than others to have the condition.</p>



<p>23andMe researchers independently investigated if it was possible to build a polygenic risk score (PRS) for Raynaud&#8217;s. A PRS is a statistical model that uses information from many genetic markers across the genome to estimate an individual&#8217;s likelihood of having a condition. Researchers were able to generate a PRS that analyzes more than 2,000 genetic variants to estimate the likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s syndrome. This PRS, which powers 23andMe&#8217;s Raynaud&#8217;s Syndrome report, is the product of rigorous genetic research built upon a cycle of discovery driven by data from more than 3 million consented research participants. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-genetics-risk-factors">Beyond Genetics: Risk Factors</h2>



<p>While your DNA plays a role, several other factors can increase your likelihood of having Raynaud&#8217;s, including:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Birth sex and climate:</strong> Raynaud&#8217;s is more common in women and those living in colder regions.</li>



<li><strong>Certain health conditions and </strong><strong>medications</strong><strong>: </strong>Conditions such as scleroderma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and certain blood vessel diseases can increase risk of secondary Raynaud&#8217;s, which is caused by another underlying health condition or other external factor. So can some medications used for high blood pressure, migraine, and ADHD.</li>



<li><strong>Work environment:</strong> Frequent use of vibrating tools or repetitive hand motions (like typing or playing piano) can increase risk for Raynaud&#8217;s.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-action">Taking Action</h2>



<p>While you can&#8217;t change your DNA, understanding your genetics can empower you to manage your environment. If you experience Raynaud&#8217;s symptoms, experts recommend:</p>



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Dress in layers and wear mittens when it&#8217;s cold outside, and take steps to stay warm even in air-conditioned rooms or frozen food aisles.</li>



<li>Try warming up your car for a minute before driving, and use insulated cups for cold drinks to avoid sudden temperature shifts.</li>



<li>Exercise regularly to improve overall blood flow, which can reduce the frequency and severity of Raynaud&#8217;s attacks.</li>



<li>Limit caffeine and nicotine. Both substances can narrow blood vessels and make Raynaud&#8217;s symptoms worse.</li>



<li>Since stress can also be a trigger, practices like meditation or deep breathing can help keep attacks at bay.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discover-your-genetic-predisposition">Discover Your Genetic Predisposition</h2>



<p>The Raynaud&#8217;s Syndrome PRS report was made possible thanks to millions of consented 23andMe participants who contribute to research. This collaborative effort empowers 23andMe scientists to uncover new genetic insights, deliver personalized information to our members, and potentially help identify future treatments for people to live more comfortably.</p>



<p>If you are a 23andMe+ Premium member, you can now access your Raynaud’s Syndrome PRS Report (along with your other Health Predisposition reports) to see how your genetics influence your chances of having this condition.</p>



<p><em>Note: Due to limited data, the PRS driving this report failed to meet our performance standards for members of East and Southeast Asian descent, and members from these ancestries are not able to receive a personalized genetic result at this time. We hope with additional data and research we may be able to provide these members a result in the future.</em></p>



<p>* The 23andMe Raynaud’s Syndrome PRS report is based on a genetic model that includes data and insights from 23andMe consented research participants and incorporates more than 2,000 genetic variants to provide information on the likelihood of experiencing Raynaud’s syndrome. The report does not describe a person’s overall likelihood, does not account for lifestyle or family history and has not been reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Raynaud’s Syndrome PRS report is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health, or to be used to make medical decisions or determine any treatment.</p>



<div style="width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; background-color: #eee; padding: 15px;">
<h4>About the Authors</h4>
<p><strong>Ruth Tennen</strong>, Ph.D. — Senior Product Scientist
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Ruth Tennen is a scientist at the 23andMe Research Institute, where she translates genetic discoveries into clear, accurate health reports for 23andMe members. Her work centers on making these insights accessible and relevant to everyone, especially communities that are often underrepresented in genetic research. Alongside her work on reports, she loves creating educational content and talking with the public about genetics. Dr. Tennen holds an A.B. in Molecular Biology from Princeton and a Ph.D. in Cancer Biology from Stanford. Before coming to 23andMe, she worked at the State Department and as a lecturer at Stanford.</p>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>



<p></p>


23andMe Blog

23andMe Blog Team

Understanding Your Genetic Likelihood for Raynaud’s Syndrome


<p><em>Note this post has been updated since it was first published in January 2025</em></p>



<p>When it comes to longevity, does it matter more whether you have &#8220;good genes&#8221; or &#8220;good habits?&#8221; While the factors that influence how long we live are complex and varied, the combination of the genetics you&#8217;re born with and the choices you make play a key role in your overall lifespan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-lives-longer">Who lives longer?</h2>



<p>It’s no surprise that people who live longer often avoid or <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212787/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delay major age-related diseases</a>. To increase your chances of adding more healthy years, focus on these <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065710/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eight key healthy behaviors</a>:</p>



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Participating in physical activity</li>



<li>Getting restorative sleep</li>



<li>Eating a balanced diet</li>



<li>Managing stress</li>



<li>Maintaining strong social connections&nbsp;</li>



<li>Avoiding smoking</li>



<li>Limiting alcohol consumption&nbsp;</li>



<li>Avoiding opioid use&nbsp;</li>
</ol>



<p>These behaviors can help delay and prevent disease, and also contribute to overall well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-genetics">What about genetics?</h2>



<p>Not surprisingly, your genes play an important role in longevity. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41610249/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Some estimates</a> are that up to around 50% of lifespan can be attributed to genetics (in particular when you exclude &#8220;extrinsic&#8221; causes of death, such as accidents or infections). Avoiding age-related diseases is a key factor in longevity, so genetic variants that protect against disease (or at least don&#8217;t increase your risk) are often associated with longer lifespan. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-apoe-in-longevity">The role of APOE in longevity</h3>



<p>One of the most clear and consistent genetic links with longevity is in the <em>APOE</em> gene. While the well known <em>e</em>4 variant increases the risk for <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30060062/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">late-onset Alzheimer&#8217;s disease</a>, the <em>e</em>2 variant of this gene is <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30060062/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">associated with a longer lifespan</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-longevity-genes">Other longevity genes</h3>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31413261/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Several</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30642433/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> have found other genes connected to longevity, including the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18765803/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FOXO3 gene</a>, which is often seen in studies of people who live very long lives. However, many of these studies were done with small groups or focused only on people of European ancestry. It&#8217;s still unclear how genetics could be used to directly predict who might live longer. While predicting exact lifespan is complex, understanding your genetics can help you take proactive steps toward a healthier life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-genetics-and-lifestyle">Combining genetics and lifestyle</h2>



<p>While genetics can influence your predisposition to certain diseases, combining genetic and lifestyle information can provide a fuller picture of disease risk. It can also help motivate and focus your efforts to prevent those diseases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, in the <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/stay-on-track-with-23andme-health-tracks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">23andMe+ Premium Health Tracks</a><sup>SM</sup> feature, you can see how a healthy lifestyle can reduce your chances of developing a health condition even if you have an increased genetic predisposition for that condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-takeaways-on-longevity">Key takeaways on longevity</h2>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>While having &#8220;good genes&#8221; may give you some advantages, the<strong> healthy habits</strong> you adopt play a significant role in determining how long and how well you live.</li>



<li>Understanding your <strong>genetic predispositions</strong> can help you take proactive steps to prevent disease, and that&#8217;s the key to living more healthy years.</li>
</ul>



<p><em>*The 23andMe PGS test uses qualitative genotyping to detect select clinically relevant variants in the genomic DNA of adults from saliva to report and interpret genetic health risks. It is not intended to diagnose any disease. Your ethnicity may affect the relevance of each report and how your genetic health risk results are interpreted. Each genetic health risk report describes if a person has variants associated with a higher risk of developing a disease but does not describe a person’s overall risk of developing the disease. The test is not intended to tell you anything about your current state of health or to be used to make medical decisions, including whether or not you should take a medication, how much of a medication you should take, or determine any treatment.</em></p>



<p><em>The Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease genetic health risk report is indicated for reporting of the e4 variant in the APOE gene. It describes if a person has a variant associated with an increased risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. The e4 variant included in this report is found and has been studied in many ethnicities. Detailed risk estimates have been studied the most in people of European descent.</em></p>


How genetics and lifestyle shape longevity




<p>January is National Blood Donor Month, a time dedicated to recognizing the life-saving impact of blood donation and the importance of understanding our blood health. While many of us know about blood types like A, B, or O, there are actually <a href="https://www.isbtweb.org/resource/tableofbloodgroupsystems.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dozens of different blood group systems</a> all determined by your genetics.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-of-blood-types">Genetics of Blood Types</h2>



<p>Your blood type is determined by which antigens, complex molecules like proteins or sugars, sit on the surface of your red blood cells. Many of these antigens act as biological &#8220;nametags,&#8221; allowing your immune system to identify your cells as &#8220;self&#8221; rather than &#8220;foreign.&#8221; Your genetics determine which antigens you produce.</p>



<p>The A and B antigens are what determine if someone has the familiar A, B, AB, or O <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood types</a>. However, there are hundreds of unique antigens. Patients who may need to receive frequent blood transfusions (for example, people with <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity/african-american-blood-donors.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sickle cell disease</a>) may need as close a match as possible to these various antigens. This is one of the reasons why it is important to have as many <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse blood donors</a> as possible.</p>



<p>In addition to helping others via blood donation, having certain antigen variations can have a profound impact on how your health is managed. One of the most significant, yet often overlooked, is the Duffy antigen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-duffy-antigen-a-genetic-clue-in-your-blood">The Duffy Antigen: A Genetic Clue in Your Blood</h2>



<p>The Duffy antigen gene (ACKR1) provides instructions for making the Duffy antigen. A specific genetic variant in this gene stops that antigen from being made on certain cells in the body. People who have two copies of this genetic variant don&#8217;t have any Duffy antigen on their red blood cells and are said to be &#8220;Duffy null.&#8221; Duffy null status is very common among people of African descent: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994632/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nearly 70%</a> of Black and African Americans are Duffy null.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it&#8217;s believed that Duffy null status originally evolved to provide protection against certain types of malaria (the <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> malaria parasite depends on the Duffy antigen to be able to infect red blood cells), it also affects another part of your blood: your white blood cell count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-low-is-actually-normal">When &#8220;Low&#8221; is Actually Normal</h2>



<p>When you get blood work done, laboratories compare your results to reference ranges to determine if your levels are &#8220;normal,&#8221; &#8220;high,&#8221; or &#8220;low.&#8221; One common test measures neutrophils, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting infections. However, these reference ranges are often based on populations where Duffy null status is rare — meaning they don&#8217;t necessarily reflect what is &#8220;normal&#8221; for everyone.</p>



<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994632/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nearly 25%</a> of healthy Black and African Americans with Duffy null status have neutrophil counts that fall below the standard &#8220;normal&#8221; range. They <strong>do not</strong> have an increased risk for <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32959868/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infection</a> or <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825822/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other health problems</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Because blood testing labs typically don&#8217;t account for Duffy status, the impact on the Black community is significant: Overall, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35994632/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more than 15%</a> of all Black and African Americans have counts that may be flagged as &#8220;too low.&#8221;</p>



<p>When these natural genetic variations are ignored, individuals can be misdiagnosed with neutropenia (abnormally low neutrophil counts). This label can set off a chain reaction of <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/the-duffy-antigen-gene-a-clue-behind-white-blood-cell-differences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">downstream harms</a> that affect quality of care, including unnecessary testing, exclusion from clinical trials, and delayed or reduced access to certain medications.</p>



<p>As Dr. Lauren Merz, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology at the University of Michigan, who provided expert feedback on the 23andMe White Blood Cell Count (Duffy Antigen-Related) report, said: </p>



<p><strong>“I’ve seen patients that are told that they might have cancer, go through painful bone marrow biopsies, miss out on joining clinical trials, or have critical medications like chemotherapy discontinued simply because their white blood cell counts were interpreted without understanding their Duffy status.”</strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalizing-your-health-care">Personalizing Your Health Care</h2>



<p>This National Blood Donor Month, as we recognize the importance of blood types for transfusion, it is equally important to recognize how genetic markers like Duffy shape our personal health journey.</p>



<p>Knowing your Duffy status empowers you to have a more informed conversation with your doctor. By viewing your blood test results through the lens of your unique genetics, you can avoid unnecessary testing and ensure you’re getting the most effective, personalized care possible.</p>



<p>Interested in donating blood this National Blood Donor Month? Visit the <a href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Red Cross website</a> to check your eligibility and find a donation center near you.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>23andMe+ Premium</em></a><em>™ members can learn about their Duffy status in the White Blood Cell Count (Duffy Antigen-Related) report.</em></p>



<div style="float: center;text-align: justified;width: 700px;background-color: #eee;padding: 15px">
<h4>About the Author</h4>
<p><strong>Alisa Lehman</strong>, Ph.D. — Sr. Manager, Product Science
</p>
<p> 
Dr. Alisa Lehman has been working at 23andMe since 2015 creating scientifically accurate, consumer-friendly genetic reports on ancestry and health topics. Dr. Lehman holds a B.S. in Biology from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University.</p>
</div>



<p></p>


Beyond A, B, and O: Your Genetics and Blood Type


<p>Everything we do at the 23andMe Research Institute starts with our amazing community of consented research participants. The data they share helps our scientists uncover new insights about genetics, across health and ancestry, pushing science forward in ways that we hope can benefit different communities, researchers, and future generations. These discoveries are also returned to our members in the form of new reports and features: from more detailed ancestry breakdowns to new health reports on a variety of conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With that spirit of discovery in mind, here are some of the new reports and product features that our consented research participants and expert scientists helped to make happen in 2025.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-genetic-health-amp-wellness-reports-and-features">New Genetic Health &amp; Wellness Reports and Features</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="960" height="353" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34664" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic.png 960w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic-300x110.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic-768x282.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/health-product-generic-880x324.png 880w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /></figure>



<p>This year, consented 23andMe research participants, along with our groundbreaking research platform, delivered new polygenic risk score (PRS) reports to our <a href="https://www.23andme.com/membership/">23andMe+ Premium</a>™ members, offering deeper insights into complex health conditions.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetics-may-explain-why-some-athletes-are-more-prone-to-acl-tears"><strong>ACL Tear</strong></a></td><td>Shows how a person&#8217;s genetics may influence their likelihood of experiencing an ACL tear, an injury common in high-impact sports.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/menopause-isnt-just-for-later-what-you-should-know-now"><strong>Early Menopause</strong></a></td><td>Offers insights to female members into the genetic predisposition for experiencing natural menopause before age 45.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/could-your-painful-periods-be-endometriosis-heres-what-you-should-know"><strong>Endometriosis</strong></a></td><td>Helps female members understand their genetic likelihood of developing endometriosis, a common condition that often takes years to diagnose.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/acid-attack-unraveling-the-genetics-of-gerd"><strong>GERD</strong></a></td><td>Provides insight into the genetics of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that impacts around 20% of people in the U.S.&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/osteoporosis-report"><strong>Osteoporosis</strong></a></td><td>Estimates an individual&#8217;s genetic likelihood of developing low bone density.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-report-on-severe-morning-sickness"><strong>Severe Morning Sickness</strong></a></td><td>Allows female members to assess their genetic likelihood of experiencing severe morning sickness during pregnancy.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<p>We also answered the call from our members to provide more information about MTHFR as well as genetic differences that can impact health disparities.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/our-take-on-the-mthfr-gene"><strong>Homocysteine (MTHFR-Related)</strong></a></td><td>Examines common variants in the MTHFR gene associated with slightly increased homocysteine levels in the blood.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/the-duffy-antigen-gene-a-clue-behind-white-blood-cell-differences"><strong>White Blood Cell Count (Duffy Antigen-Related)</strong></a></td><td>Raises awareness about the Duffy null genotype, which is common among people with African ancestry and leads to naturally lower white blood cell counts. Understanding this can help prevent misdiagnoses and unnecessary follow-up testing.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-health-beyond-dna"><br>Expanding Health Beyond DNA</h3>



<p>We further expanded our integrated health offerings to include expanded direct access to blood testing services (where available), including the <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andme-expands-blood-testing-biological-age">Biological Age Panel</a>. This allows members to get a more complete health picture by combining genetic and real-time health data.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-ancestry-updates">Major Ancestry Updates</h2>



<p>2025 brought the most significant update ever to our Ancestry Composition report, expanding granularity and increasing accuracy across the globe. Members can now see if they have connections to more than 4,500 geographic regions, the most comprehensive ancestry breakdown on the market.</p>



<p><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/ancestry-composition-version-7-is-here" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Ancestry Composition v7.0</strong></a> was a major overhaul, adding 33 new European populations and 6 new Indigenous American populations to our Ancestry Composition breakdown. Thanks to a new DNA phasing pipeline and a new method for refining reference panels, the update also improved accuracy for other regions of the world. Finally, a new chromosome painting method&nbsp; eliminated &#8220;Broadly&#8221; and &#8220;Unassigned&#8221; categories in the default view.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="508" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1024x508.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34636" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1024x508.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-300x149.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-768x381.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-880x437.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1180x586.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>We also added more than 800 new Genetic Groups this year. These updates were available to all 23andMe members, with additional features (such as <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/discover-distant-genetic-groups-with-23andme-premium" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Distant Genetic Groups</a>) for 23andMe+ Premium members.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-groups-in-eastern-europe" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Eastern European Genetic Groups</strong></a></td><td>Introduces Genetic Groups for people with ancestry in Belarus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/european-diaspora-genetic-groups-update" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>European Diaspora</strong></a> <strong><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetic-groups-french-german-us-canada" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Genetic Groups</a></strong></td><td>Adds new Genetic Groups for people of European descent who settled in the U.S., Canada, and South Africa.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/a-new-era-for-african-genetic-groups-at-23andme" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Expanded African Genetic Groups</strong></a></td><td>Expands from 25 to over 250 Genetic Groups across Sub-Saharan Africa, offering significantly more detail and precision for members in the African diaspora.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-genetic-groups-in-china-korea-mongolia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Genetic Groups in China, Korea, Mongolia</strong></a></td><td>Expands Genetic Groups in East Asia, providing matches for members with ancestry from China, Korea, and Mongolia.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/genetic-groups-south-asia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>South Asian Genetic Groups</strong></a></td><td>Adds more detail to Genetic Groups in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Afghanistan.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-matches">Historical Matches</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="393" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-1024x393.png" alt="" class="wp-image-34662" srcset="https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-1024x393.png 1024w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-300x115.png 300w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-768x295.png 768w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-880x338.png 880w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1-1180x453.png 1180w, https://blogcms.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/historical_matches-1.png 1668w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>The <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/23andmes-historic-matches">Historical Matches</a><sup>SM</sup> feature continued to expand with over 275 new individuals added, connecting 23andMe+ Premium members to ancient and notable figures from diverse eras and regions.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-ancient-china" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Ancient China</strong></a></td><td>Adds fifty-six new Historical Matches from three recent studies of ancient China, offering connections to populations like those in Shandong Province and Chang’an.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-to-cheddar-man-and-britains-earliest-farmers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Cheddar Man and Early Farmers in Britain</strong></a></td><td>Allows members to explore how the transition to farming transformed ancient Britain through 18 ancient individuals, including the famous Cheddar Man.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-beyond-an-xx-or-xy-binary" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Chromosome Number Diversity in the Past</strong></a></td><td>Adds historical matches based on a 2024 study identifying ancient individuals in Britain with sex chromosome variations (aneuploidies).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-african-american-us-mexico" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Early Colonial Africans in Mexico &amp; Individuals from Catoctin Furnace</strong></a></td><td>Expands the Historical Matches feature to include 16 new historical African and African American individuals from Catoctin Furnace (U.S.) and colonial Mexico.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-from-early-medieval-france" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Early Medieval France</strong></a></td><td>Features individuals from early medieval France, highlighting evidence of migration from Great Britain, Ireland, and North Africa in shaping the region&#8217;s demography.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-connect-to-erik-the-reds-home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Erik the Red&#8217;s Homestead</strong></a></td><td>Adds four new individuals from the Viking Age settlement of Brattahlid, the homestead of Erik the Red, to the Historical Matches feature.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-a-lineage-of-iron-age-celtic-women-in-britain" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Iron Age Celtic Women</strong></a></td><td>Adds matches to a lineage of Iron Age Celtic women in Britain, suggesting a matrilocal society.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-to-medieval-iberians" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Medieval Iberians</strong></a></td><td>Adds individuals from Las Gobas, a medieval site in northern Spain, revealing insights into a small, isolated Christian community.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-may-link-you-to-named-historical-figures" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Named Historical Figures</strong></a></td><td>Includes DNA matches for notable individuals like George Bähr (German architect) and Bishop Peder Winstrup (Swedish bishop).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/historical-matches-ancient-irish-elite" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Neolithic Ireland</strong></a></td><td>Adds individuals connected to an elite, megalithic society in Neolithic Ireland that built passage tombs over 5,000 years ago.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-the-mysterious-skeletons-of-roopkund-lake" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>The Mystery of Roopkund Lake</strong></a></td><td>Features genetic analysis of skeletons from Roopkund Lake, revealing three distinct groups with South Asian, Eastern Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian ancestries.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/new-historical-matches-could-connect-you-to-europes-viking-age" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Viking Age Europe</strong></a></td><td>Adds 23 individuals from sites across Europe and Greenland to study the genetic diversity of the Viking Age.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-we-continue-to-deliver-cutting-edge-ancestry-science-nbsp">We continue to deliver cutting-edge ancestry science&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This year we also improved the DNA Relatives features with <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/articles/update-to-dna-relatives" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two new updates</a>: improved relationship prediction estimates and the HybridIBD™ algorithm. These updates dramatically enhance the accuracy of DNA Relatives predictions, in particular benefiting members with diverse ancestries.</p>



<p>Finally we recently launched Reconstructed Ancestors to 23andMe+ Premium <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013592713-23andMe-Beta-Testing-Program?_gl=1%2Aqni4iy%2A_ga%2ANjA0MDE5NzczLjE3NTE0NzQwNTA.%2A_ga_G330GF3ZFF%2AczE3NTU4ODE1NjQkbzUwJGcxJHQxNzU1ODgxNzAzJGo2MCRsMCRoMA.." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beta testers</a>. This early feature uses a highly advanced algorithm along with your DNA and the DNA from relatives on your Family Tree, to piece together the ancestry composition of ungenotyped parents, grandparents and eventually other ancestors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-year-of-insight-and-connection">A Year of Insight and Connection</h2>



<p>2025 gave us the opportunity to bring a wealth of new insights and features to our members, and the cycle of discovery isn’t slowing down thanks to the continued participation of our research community. As we look ahead to 2026, we’re excited to push genetic science even further, expanding what’s possible and continuing to build a more inclusive, accurate, and empowering experience for everyone on their journey of self-discovery. The best is yet to come.</p>


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